Download Chapter 10 Study Guide Know the definitions for: Cross

Chapter 10 Study Guide
Know the definitions for:
Cross-over
Genotype
Phenotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genetics
Independent assortment
Haploid
Diploid
Triploid
Tetraploid
Sperm
Egg
Gamete
Pollination
Fertilization
Meiosis
Alleles
Dominant
Recessive
Dihybrid
Heredity
Zygote
How do you set up a Punnett square for a monohybrid or dihybrid cross given the parents
genotypes? (What are the potential genotypes of the gametes?)
Be able to utilize a Punnett square for a monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and give the genotypes
and phenotypes of potential offspring (plus the ratios).
Chapter 11 Study Guide
Know the definition / application of the following terms:
chromosomal mutation
frameshift mutation
replication
codon
mRNA
translation
cytosine
nitrogen bases
translocation
double helix
point mutation
tRNA
_?_ & _?_ were the first to suggest that DNA is the shape of a double helix.
Be able to draw and label the structure of a nucleotide and DNA ladder:
Backbone or sides of the DNA ladder composed of _?_ & _?_
Rungs of DNA ladder composed of _?_ _?_
Nitrogen bases of DNAPurines (double-ring structure) consist of _?_ (G) & _?_ (A)
Pyrimidines (single-ring structure) consist of _?_ (T) & _?_ (C)
Within the DNA ladder; Adenine always pairs with _?_ , and Cytosine always pairs with _?_
Be able to describe the process of DNA replication (DNA making exact copy of itself).
Be able to put the following in order of size (DNA, cell, nucleotide, nucleus, chromosome).
RNA (like DNA) is also composed of nucleotides, but the RNA strand differs from DNA:
Single-strand (not double-stranded)
Ribose sugar (not deoxyribose sugar)
Uracil nitrogen base (in place of thymine)
Exist in three forms:
mRNA – transcription of DNA sequence that can move from the nucleus to cytoplasm to
site of ribosomes.
tRNA – translation of mRNA sequence carried from the nucleus by carrying appropriate
amino acids to construct polypeptide sequence (protein).
rRNA – ribosomes are composed of rRNA and protein that provides site for translation
of DNA code to construct protein sequence.
Study diagram on page 294 to better understand translation.
Mutagens are X rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical
nature of DNA.
Frameshift mutation occurs when a nucleotide is added or removed from a DNA molecule
and mRNA is created, the codons after the mutation will not be read correctly resulting is
different amino acids coded for.(i.e. = -AATTACGGCATA- is changed to –
ATTACGGCATA-)
Point mutation occurs when a single nitrogen base is changed (i.e. = -ATCGGA- is changed to
–ACCGGA-) that result in a difference in amino acid coded for and perhaps the structure and
function of final protein.
Translocation is a chromosomal abnormality that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks
off and is added to a different chromosome.