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Transcript
Announcements • • Lecture course: (1) Contracts (2) MasteringBio! Lab course: • (1) Reminder DRAFT1 due precisely at start of lab both in print & on turnitin.com (Wed/Thurs) • (2) Next week you start your PCR experiment in lab, you must be prepared to be admitted All in group need to show your Course Packet with filled-in answers p.40 for (i) recipe of cocktail, (ii) two primers, (iii) calc anneal temp. Outside/Prior to lecture • Stand up if completed reading (12 pages) Took Notes, Answered Qs, Studied Notes Inside/During lecture • Learning how to use information and ! knowledge in new situations Umm, so how much did that crazy Luckie-dude say I am to study?! 2hrs/day [1hr for lab] [1hr for lecture] If you were a prokaryotic cell, you would be lacking _____. a. a plasma membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins b. chromosomes that contain genetic information c. ribosomes to synthesize proteins d. mitochondria to generate ATP Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of compartmentalization in eukaryotes? a. Chemical reactions are more efficient because substrates are more easily maintained at high concentrations within organelles. b. Chemical reactions that are incompatible can be segregated in different organelles. c. DNA is transcribed and translated at significantly higher rates because all of the machinery is inside a single, membrane-bound nucleus. d. When the product of one reaction is the substrate for a second reaction, the enzymes that work together can be clustered together on internal membranes and result in greater speed and efficiency. Why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum unable to synthesize proteins? a. b. c. d. It has no ribosomes. There is no supply of free amino acids that it can easily access. It stores calcium, which is known to inhibit protein synthesis. It has no DNA to direct the synthesis of proteins. Hypothesis? What is a molecular HYPOTHESIS? (p94) What’s the story, the hypothesis and was it supported? Chromosome Ribosome Cytoskeleton Plasma membrane Flagellum Glycolipids Cell wall Ribosomes So what does a bacteria cell have & we don’t? Plasmids Cytoplasm Flagellum Chromosome Plasma membrane Cell wall So what does a bacteria cell have & we don’t? A. The plasma membrane surrounding it B. Chromosomes with DNA to make RNA C. Ribosomes making proteins D. The cell wall surrounding it E. None of the above Nucleus Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum What does animal cell have that plants don’t? Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Bacteria Cell wall What does animal cell have that plants don’t? A. A single plasma membrane surrounding it B. Mitochondria C. A true Nucleus D. The cell wall surrounding it E. None of the above Antibiotics that inhibit prokaryotic ribosomes Ribosome Antibiotics that inhibit prokaryotic ribosomes A. Will stop bacterial protein synthesis B. Will stop mitochondria protein synthesis C. Will stop nucleus from making proteins D. None of the above E. More than one of the above Collagen Proteoglycan complex EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Fibronectin Integrins Plasma membrane Microfilaments CYTOPLASM Microvillus Plasma membrane Microfilaments (actin filaments) Intermediate filaments 0.25 µm Plasma membrane Cytoskeletal elements Euchromatin Heterochromatin Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nucleus 1 µm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Surface of nuclear envelope Rough ER Ribosome 1 µm 0.25 µm Close-up of nuclear envelope Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM) 0.2 µm Matrix Cristae Mitochondria 0.2 µm Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix 0.1 µm WTF? So where did my organelles come from? 32 Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ancestral prokaryote DNA Invagination Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleus Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Endocytosis Mitochondrion (with extra mem) How to test the endosymbiosis hypothesis… What evidence could you look for? (that might support or refute the hypothesis) Design an experiment to test the endosymbiosis hypothesis… • Maybe using PCR • Maybe using Microscopy • Perhaps using streptomycin, erythromycin, or tetracycline • What’s the experiment, what is your prediction based on the hypothesis? Evidence for Endosymbiosis Mitochondria/Chloroplasts Bacteria Morphology/Behavior: They swim around in your cells, divide, look like cyanobacteria etc Anatomy: Have 2 membranes, inner like bacteria & outer like plasma membrane. Molecular: Their own genes & ribosomes, that functionsequences of genes, ribosomes, same as bacteria, antibiotic, circular no histones Pathogens: Undigested prey or parasites via endo 37 Molecular “zip codes” direct molecules to specific destinations in the cell. How are these signals read? a. They bind to receptor proteins. b. They enter transport vesicles. c. They bind to motor proteins. d. They are glycosylated by enzymes in the Golgi apparatus. What does a motor protein do in a cell? a. b. c. d. causes microtubules to “treadmill” converts ATP into mechanical energy in the form of movement triggers receptor-mediated endocytosis aids in the transport of newly synthesized proteins from the endomembrane system