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- Basic structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms. - Cells are the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing CELLS – The basic unit of life - Often called the "building blocks of life" Cell Discovery 1665 – Robert Hooke viewed cork (dead plant cells) under simple microscope Coined the term “cellulae” – means small rooms 1683 – Anton von Leeuwenhoek viewed first living organisms under microscope. Cell Theory 1838 – Matthias Schleiden ◦ Studied plants ◦ Concluded ‘all plants are made of cells’ 1839 – Theodore Schwann ◦ Studied animals ◦ Concluded ‘all animals are made of cells’ Allowed scientists to develop the cell theory…. Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure of all living things 3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells, which cells passing genetic information from one generation to the next. Prokaryote Primitive cell type that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Which organisms have prokaryotic cells? Eukaryote advanced cell type with a nucleus surrounding genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles Which organisms are eukaryotic? Endosymbiotic Theory Explains the origin of eukaryotic cells. Smaller prokaryotes engulfed by larger prokaryotes, lived in symbiotic relationships. Unicellular An organism consisting of a single cell All bacteria, some protists, some fungi Multicellular An organism consisting of more than one cell Are multicellular organisms made up of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? Some protists, some fungi, all plants and all animals Cell Types Cell structures differ from one organism to another. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Bacteria Cell vs. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Bacterial Cell Unique Structures: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Cell Wall (outer) NO nucleus NO membrane bound organelles Free floating DNA Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Plant Cell Unique Structures: ◦ Cell Wall (outer) ◦ Chloroplast – Photosynthesis ◦ Large central vacuole Prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Animal Cell Unique Structures: ◦ Cell Membrane (outer) ◦ Lysosomes Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Organelle Cells display organization. Organelle: A differentiated structure within a cell which performs a specific function Examples of organelles? Nucleus Controls all cellular activities. Contains the genetic information – DNA “The brain” What type of cell has a nucleus? Cell Membrane Semi-permeable, double layer that surrounds the cell. Controls what goes in and out of the cell “The bouncer” Define Semi-permeable. Cell Wall Composed of cellulose Provides plants and other organisms with protection and structure Plants have cell walls. Do plants have cell membranes? Chloroplasts Contains chlorophyll (pigment) Site of photosynthesis Energy from sun food (glucose) Cytoskeleton Network of microtubules Support and give structure to cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another. The smooth type of this organelle does not contain ribosomes. The rough has ribsomes attached. “Cell Highway” Golgi Apparatus Multi-layered organelle near the nucleus Used for packaging and transportation of materials out of cell “Post Office” Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Used to break down worn parts and waste products in the cell. Found only in animal cells. “Garbage truck” Mitochondria Energy (ATP) producing organelles Food (glucose) Energy Site of cellular respiration “Powerhouse” “Mighty Mitochondria” Ribosome Extremely small, grain-like organelle Produces proteins Free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER Vacuole membrane-bound organelles Used for storage What is a plant like when its vacuoles start to empty? Cytoplasm the gel-like substance in cells. Constantly moving, used for transporting materials Guess the Cell Bacteria Cell (E. coli) Guess the Cell Animal Cell (human cheek cell) Guess the Cell Plant Cell (Elodea) Standards Check: What is the function of the green organelle found in these cells? Guess the Cell Bacteria Cell Guess the Cell Plant Cell (Sunflower Leaf) Taken with an electron microscope Guess the Cell Plant Cell (Potato) What is the large purple spot in the cell? Why are potato cells not GREEN? This was taken with a compound light microscope. The purple color is due to a violet stain. Guess the Organelle Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus of Rabbit Epididymus- it is not clear why the Golgi is exceptional in these epididymal cells. The Golgi apparatus are the large, circular structures This was taken with an electron microscope. Guess the Organelle Lysosomes Group of lysosomes found in liver tissue. You can also see Mitochondria, Rough ER, and the cell membrane in this photo. Guess the Organelle Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum High magnification view of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from rat pancreas cells. This shows RER and ribosomes, both bound (RiB) and free (RiF)