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Transcript
Notes Chap 3, Sect 3 Organelle – specialized structures within the cell The following organelles are found in both plant and animal cells: Nucleus – controls most of the cell functions Nuclear envelope / nuclear membrane – double layer (2 lipid bilayers) Nuclear pores – small channels scattered over/through membrane Substance made in nucleus pass through these Nucleolus – ribosomes partially assembled here DNA: contains hereditary information; stored in nucleus (eukaryotic DNA wound tightly around proteins) Ribosomes – proteins made on these Made up of dozens of different proteins and RNA There are free ribosomes floating in the cytosol. TRUE or FALSE Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – extensive system of internal membranes that move substances through the cell Membrane: made of lipid bilayer with embedded proteins (just like cell membrane) Rough ER – has ribosomes attached helps transport proteins made by its ribosomes Smooth ER – no ribosomes attached makes lipids & breaks down toxic substances Vesicle – small, membrane bound sac ER pinches off part with completed proteins Golgi apparatus – flattened, membrane bound sacs; packing and distribution center of cell Receives and modifies proteins (enzymes inside GA help) Lysosomes – help breakdown – small organelles that contain digestive enzymes What 3 things work together to process proteins? Vesicles, golgi apparatus & lysosomes Steps for processing of proteins: 1. Proteins from ribosomes are packaged into vesicles. 2. Vesicles transport proteins from rough ER to golgi apparatus. 3. In golgi apparatus, proteins are modified, processed and repackaged in new vesicles. 4. some vesicles move to cell membrane and release contents outside of cell. 5. some vesicles remain and become lysosomes to digest and recycle the cell’s unused components – break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Mitochondria – known as the “powerhouse” of the cell Harvest energy from organic compounds to make ATP ATP – main energy currency in cells. Mitochondrion membrane: 2 membranes: outer membrane = smooth, while inner membrane = folded (here reactions take place to produce ATP) Mitochondrial DNA – mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes Similar to circular DNA of prokaryotes Plant cells have 3 structures unique to them: Cell wall – provides support, protection and shape Made up of proteins and carbohydrates (including cellulose) Chloroplasts – use light energy (sun) to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water Membrane: has 2 membranes (like mitochondria) DNA: has its own (like mitochondria) Also found in: algae Central Vacuole – large, membrane bound space Stores water and ions, nutrients, or waste When it is full, it makes cell rigid (plants stand upright)_.