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Transcript
Eukaryotic Cell Structures Eukaryotic Cells • A Eukaryote is any organism whose cells contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles/ structures. • Animals and plants are eukaryotes and thus are made of many eukaryotic cells. • FYI: Bacteria are “prokaryotes”. We’ll get to these later! Eukaryotic Cells • Compared to Prokaryotic: – Bigger (typically) – Contains a Nucleus – Contains Organelles- specialized subunits within a cell that performs a specialized function – is usually enclosed within its own lipid bilayer – Ribosomes are different from prokaryotes (usually larger in eukaryotes) – Single OR multi-cellular organisms • Lets look at structures found in both plants and animals Cell Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • “Gatekeeper” of the cell Controls what goes in and out of the cell • Enzymatic activity • Cell identification Cytoplasm/Cytosol • The fluid of the cell = cytosol – Mostly water with lots of molecules and ions • Cytosol + organelles = cytoplasm • Chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm • Like the “factory floor” • archaic name: hyaloplasm Cytoskeleton • Framework of microtubules and microfilaments • Constantly shifting due to cell’s needs • Provides support, shape, traffic flow Ribosomes • Made up of RNA (rRNA) and proteins • Assembles amino acids into proteins (the main “product” produced and needed for the cell) – Like a “factory worker” Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Folded membranes studded with ribosomes • Makes, modifies, and channels proteins • Like an “assembly line” for the ribosomes to work on Smooth E.R. • Folded membranes, with no ribosomes • Makes lipids • Assembly line, but different products Golgi Apparatus (aka golgi complex, golgi body) • Flattened sacs of membranes • Sorts, packages and modifies substances for transport – Especially proteins (enzymes and hormones) for export • Like a “packaging center” • This was discovered by “Mr. Golgi” who named it after himself. Vesicle • Small membrane enclosed sac • Transports substances made by the Golgi apparatus • Like a “delivery service” • Technically a special type of vacuole • Can’t tell by looking at it what it is… unless it is right next to the Golgi. Lysosomes • Membrane bound sacs of digestive enzymes – Breaks down old organelles – Breaks down food items (in single celled organism) – Cell induced death (embryonic or other) • Technically a special type of vesicle • Like a “cleaning crew” for the cell Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs that hold substances (general term) • Storage for – Food, water, wastes, etc. • Like a “storage cupboard” • Plants have one large vacuole for storage AND support • Animal cells have many small vacuoles (food vacuole, water vacuole, waste…) Nucleus • Membrane bound organelle that contains the genetic information (DNA) of the cell • Concentrates parts and enzymes needed for DNA replication and transcription • Contains nucleolus • The “control center” or “Boss” Nuclear Membrane • Double lipid bilayer that serves as a physical barrier to separate the contents of the nucleus from the cytosol • A.K.A. “Nuclear Envelope” • Contains holes called “nuclear pores” that allows the transports of certain molecules Nucleolus • Makes ribosomes (remember, ribosomes make the proteins) • Like the “factory parts generator”, or “HR department” that hires the workers. • Sometimes referred to the “nucleus of the nucleus” because it looks like a blob inside the nucleus. Mitochondria/ Mitrochondrion • Double membrane • Aerobic respiration – Makes energy (ATP) – Detoxifies O2 • “Generator” or “Power house” because it’s the site of ATP (battery) production! (#2 on this diagram) Animal vs. Plant cells • All previous organelles have been in both animal and plant cells • Now to the differences…. Centrioles • Cylindrical bundle of microtubules • Assists with cell division • Look like churro sticks • Only in animal cells Cilia and/or Flagella • Cilia= shorter hair-like structures – Usually more numerous (all over) • Flagella= longer hair-like structures (fewer) • Used for mobility (swimming) • Creates currents to sweep objects towards or away from cell • SOME animal cells only, but NOT ALL Cilia Cilia Organelles found in plants only • Cell wall • Plastids (chloroplast is the main example) Cell Wall • Made of cellulose in plants – (made of chitin in fungi) * Different from Bacteria cell walls • Support for the cell (rigidity) Plastids 3 different types of plastids: • Leucoplasts- store starch • Chromoplasts- store pigments • And the last one… Chloroplasts • Organelle of photosynthesis: the process by which plants convert sunlight and water into sugar and oxygen. • Much more different and more complicated than the other plastidsnot just for storage Something to remember • Cell diagrams are a “snapshot” of a cell, frozen in time • Cells are living, changing, and some of the organelles are MOVING. (mitochondria are responsive, can wiggle like their bacteria relatives.) What an actual eukaryo/c cell looks like under a microscope! Can you iden/fy the structures on this image?