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Prokaryote
bacteria cells
Types of cells
- no organelles
Tour of the Cell 1
- organelles
Eukaryote
animal
cells
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Why organelles?
Specialized structures
specialized functions
mitochondria
Cells gotta work to live!
What jobs do cells have to do?
cilia or flagella for locomotion
partition cell into compartments
create different local environments
distinct & incompatible functions
cell function
chloroplast
separate pH, or concentration of materials
Membranes as sites for chemical reactions
unique combinations of lipids & proteins
embedded enzymes & reaction centers
make energy
for daily life
for growth
lysosome & its digestive enzymes
make proteins
proteins control every
Containers
Eukaryote
plant cells
Golgi
make more cells
growth
repair
chloroplasts & mitochondria
renewal
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ER
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Proteins do all the work!
Building Proteins
proteins
cells
DNA
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2007-2008
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organism
Repeat after me…
Proteins do all the work!
1
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Cells functions
Building proteins
Building Proteins
Organelles involved
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
Golgi apparatus
vesicles
read DNA instructions
build proteins
process proteins
folding
modifying
removing amino acids
adding other molecules
The Protein Assembly Line
e.g, making glycoproteins
for cell membrane
nucleus
address & transport proteins
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ribosome
vesicles
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Nucleus
1
DNA
Function
nuclear
membrane
production of mRNA
from DNA in nucleus
chromosome
DNA
protects DNA
histone protein
Structure
mRNA
Nucleus
nuclear envelope
double membrane
2
membrane fused in spots to create pores
nuclear pore
allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores
What kind of
molecules need to
pass through?
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Golgi
apparatus
ER
nuclear
pore
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
mRNA travels from
nucleus to ribosome
in cytoplasm through
nuclear pore
small
ribosomal
subunit
mRNA
large
ribosomal
subunit
cytoplasm
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Nucleolus
Function
ribosome production
build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
large subunit
small
subunit
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rRNA &
proteins
ribosome
nucleolus
2
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large
subunit
Ribosomes
Function
small
subunit
protein production
Types of Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Structure
rRNA & protein
2 subunits combine
0.08µ
µm
suspended in cytosol
synthesize proteins that
function in cytosol
Bound ribosomes
Ribosomes
Rough
ER
attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesize proteins
for export or
for membranes
Smooth
ER
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membrane proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Types of ER
Function
processes proteins
manufactures membranes
synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
Structure
membrane connected to nuclear envelope &
extends throughout cell
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smooth
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Smooth ER function
Membrane production
Many metabolic processes
rough
synthesis
Membrane Factory
Build new
membrane
synthesize
phospholipids
ER membrane
expands
synthesize lipids
oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
builds membranes
hydrolysis
hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
bud off & transfer
to other parts of
cell that need
membranes
in liver
detoxify drugs & poisons
in liver
ex. alcohol & barbiturates
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3
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Rough ER function
Produce proteins for export out of cell
Synthesizing proteins
cisternal
space
protein secreting cells
packaged into transport vesicles for export
polypeptide
Which cells
have lot of
rough ER?
signal
sequence
ribosome
ribosome
membrane of
endoplasmic reticulum
mRNA
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cytoplasm
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Function
finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
ships products in vesicles
like “UPS shipping department”
membrane sacs
Which cells
have lots
of Golgi?
secretory
vesicles
“UPS trucks”
transport vesicles
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endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
Vesicle transport
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
protein
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
vesicle
budding
from rough
ER
migrating
transport
vesicle
fusion
of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus
TO:
ribosome
Making Proteins
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finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Regents Biology
4
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Putting it together…
nucleus
nuclear pore
Making proteins
cell
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
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transport
vesicle
cytoplasm
Golgi
apparatus
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Any Questions!!
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2007-2008
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