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Transcript
AP Biology Prokaryote bacteria cells Types of cells - no organelles Tour of the Cell 1 - organelles Eukaryote animal cells AP Biology AP Biology Why organelles? Specialized structures specialized functions mitochondria Cells gotta work to live! What jobs do cells have to do? cilia or flagella for locomotion partition cell into compartments create different local environments distinct & incompatible functions cell function chloroplast separate pH, or concentration of materials Membranes as sites for chemical reactions unique combinations of lipids & proteins embedded enzymes & reaction centers make energy for daily life for growth lysosome & its digestive enzymes make proteins proteins control every Containers Eukaryote plant cells Golgi make more cells growth repair chloroplasts & mitochondria renewal AP Biology ER AP Biology Proteins do all the work! Building Proteins proteins cells DNA AP Biology 2007-2008 AP Biology organism Repeat after me… Proteins do all the work! 1 AP Biology Cells functions Building proteins Building Proteins Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles read DNA instructions build proteins process proteins folding modifying removing amino acids adding other molecules The Protein Assembly Line e.g, making glycoproteins for cell membrane nucleus address & transport proteins AP Biology ribosome vesicles AP Biology Nucleus 1 DNA Function nuclear membrane production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus chromosome DNA protects DNA histone protein Structure mRNA Nucleus nuclear envelope double membrane 2 membrane fused in spots to create pores nuclear pore allows large macromolecules to pass through nuclear pores What kind of molecules need to pass through? AP Biology Golgi apparatus ER nuclear pore nucleolus nuclear envelope mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore small ribosomal subunit mRNA large ribosomal subunit cytoplasm AP Biology Nucleolus Function ribosome production build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes large subunit small subunit AP Biology AP Biology rRNA & proteins ribosome nucleolus 2 AP Biology large subunit Ribosomes Function small subunit protein production Types of Ribosomes Free ribosomes Structure rRNA & protein 2 subunits combine 0.08µ µm suspended in cytosol synthesize proteins that function in cytosol Bound ribosomes Ribosomes Rough ER attached to endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins for export or for membranes Smooth ER AP Biology membrane proteins AP Biology Endoplasmic Reticulum Types of ER Function processes proteins manufactures membranes synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds Structure membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell AP Biology smooth AP Biology Smooth ER function Membrane production Many metabolic processes rough synthesis Membrane Factory Build new membrane synthesize phospholipids ER membrane expands synthesize lipids oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones builds membranes hydrolysis hydrolyze glycogen into glucose bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes in liver detoxify drugs & poisons in liver ex. alcohol & barbiturates AP Biology AP Biology 3 AP Biology Rough ER function Produce proteins for export out of cell Synthesizing proteins cisternal space protein secreting cells packaged into transport vesicles for export polypeptide Which cells have lot of rough ER? signal sequence ribosome ribosome membrane of endoplasmic reticulum mRNA AP Biology cytoplasm AP Biology Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Function finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products ships products in vesicles like “UPS shipping department” membrane sacs Which cells have lots of Golgi? secretory vesicles “UPS trucks” transport vesicles AP Biology AP Biology endoplasmic reticulum nucleus Vesicle transport protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: TO: protein TO: vesicle ribosomes vesicle budding from rough ER migrating transport vesicle fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus TO: ribosome Making Proteins AP Biology finished protein protein Golgi apparatus Regents Biology 4 AP Biology Putting it together… nucleus nuclear pore Making proteins cell membrane protein secreted rough ER ribosome vesicle proteins smooth ER AP Biology transport vesicle cytoplasm Golgi apparatus AP Biology Any Questions!! AP Biology AP Biology 2007-2008 5