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BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY FLEXOR AND AUTONOMIC REFLEXES ZSOLT LIPOSITS 10/27/2016. 1 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes THE NOCICEPTIVE REFLEX http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/nonmajorsbiology/reflexarcs.html 10/27/2016. 2 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes THE FLEXOR REFLEX THE REFLEX IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPERATION OF THE LIMBS IT IS A PROTECTIVE REFLEX. IN RESPONSE TO PAINFUL STIMULI THE LIMB IS WITHDRAWN ANATOMICALLY THE WITHDRAWAL MEANS THE FLEXURE OF THE LIMB, IN OTHER WORDS SHORTENING THE SHORTENING OF THE LIMB ON ONE SIDE GENERALLY EVOKES A COMPENSATORY MECHANISM THAT EXTENDS THE LIMB ON THE OTHER SIDE, THEREFORE, THE REFLEX IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS FLEXOR-CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX A FREQUENTLY USED SYNONYM IS THE NOCICEPTIVE REFLEX. THE TERM EXPRESSES THE NOXIOUS NATURE OF THE STIMULUS IT IS A POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEX ARC THAT MODIFIES BOTH THE IPSI- AND THE CONTRALATERAL LIMBS 10/27/2016. 3 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE FLEXOR CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX STIMULUS. CRUDE AND DANGEROUS STIMULI THAT CAN DESTROY THE INTEGRITY OF THE AFFECTED TISSUES OF THE LIMB. NOXIOUS PAIN AND THERMAL STIMULI ARE THE TRIGGERS RECEPTOR. HEAT AND PAIN RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN AFFERENT PATH. THIN, MYELINATED AND UNMYELEINATED AXONS OF PSEUDOUNIPOLAR CELLS OF SPINAL GANGLIA CENTER. SPINAL CORD, DORSAL AND VENTRAL HORNS, INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNEURONS EFFERENT PATH. AXONS OF ALPHA MOTONEURONS INNERVATING FLEXOR MUSCLES OF THE LIMB IPSILATERALLY AND AXON PROJECTIONS FROM CONTRALATERALLY LOCATED MOTONEURONS INNERVATING EXTENSORS OF THE LIMB ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE TO THE STIMULUS EFFECTOR STRUCTURE. EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS OF THE INVOLVED MUSCLES ACTIONS. IPSILATERAL FLEXION AND CONTRALATERAL EXTENSION 10/27/2016. 4 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE WITHDRAWAL REFLEX SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT SENSORY GANGLION CELL Ad AND C SENSORY FIBERS Aa INTERNEURON ALPHA SOMATOMOTOR NEURON LEG FLEXORS NOXIOUS STIMULUS A PAINFUL STIMULUS CAUSES THE FLEXION OF THE LIMB, IT IS AN ESCAPE MECHANISM FROM THE TISSUE DAMAGING STIMULUS (HEAT, PAIN). NOTE THE POLYSYNAPTIC CHARACTER 10/27/2016. 5 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes DEMONSTRATION OF THE FLEXOR AND CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT SENSORY GANGLION CELL Ad AND C SENSORY FIBERS Aa Aa RIGHT SIDE LEG FLEXORS LEFT SIDE LEG EXTENSORS NOXIOUS STIMULUS APPROXIMATELY 0.2-0.5 SECOND AFTER THE ACTION OF THE NOXIOUS STIMULUS, THE OPPOSITE LIMB EXTENDS. THIS EXTENSOR MECHANISMS PUSHES AWAY THE BODY FROM THE DANGEROUS OBJECT CAUSING THE STIMULUS 10/27/2016. 6 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX - + + 10/27/2016. 7 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes THE AUTONOMIC REFLEX THE OPERATION OF THE VISCERAL ORGANS IS MODULATED BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACCORDINGLY, SENSORY VISCERAL AFFERENTS CONVEY INFORMATION TO THE CENTERS OF THE CNS FROM RECEPTORS DISTRIBUTED IN THE ORGANS THE BRAIN STEM AND THE SPINAL CORD REGULATE THE MOTOR ACTIVITY (SMOOTH OR CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTION) OF THE ORGANS VIA VISCEROMOTOR EFFERENTS THE VISCEROMOTOR INNERVATION IS INDIRECT AND CONSISTS OF TWO UNITS: 1. PREGANGLIONIC MOTOR NEURONS RESIDING IN THE CNS 2. GANGLIONIC MOTOR NEURONS DISTRIBUTED AT THE PERIPHERY. THEY TRANSMIT CENTRAL INFORMATION TO TARGET ORGANS THE ORGANS RECEIVE A DUAL VISCEROMOTOR INNERVATION BY GETTING SUPPLY FROM BOTH SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC SOURCES THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM UTILIZES THE AUTONOMIC REFLEX ARC FOR EXECUTING MODULATORY ACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO INCOMING VISCERAL STIMULI (PAIN, HEAT, PRESSURE) 10/27/2016. 8 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AUTONOMIC REFLEX STIMULUS. CHANGE IN PRESSURE, ALTERATION OF CHEMICAL MILIEU, INFLAMMATION RELATED PAIN AND HEAT, DISTENSION OF LUMINAL VISCERA RECEPTOR. BARORECEPTOR, CHEMORECEPTOR, MECHANORECEPTOR, HEAT RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATH. PROCESSES OF PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR CELLS OF SPINAL GANGLIA CENTER. SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN STEM EFFERENT PATH. 1. PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS PROJECTING FROM THE INTERMEDIOLATERAL NUCLEUS TO THE PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. 2. PROCESSES OF VISCERAL GANGLION CELLS PROJECTING TO THE ORGANS EFFECTOR STRUCTURE. CARDIAC MUSCLE (FOR HEART) AND SMOOTH MUSCLE (FOR OTHER ORGANS) ACTIONS. MODULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS (PACEMAKER ACTIVITY IN HEART, LUMEN OF BLOOD VESSELS, SMOOTH MUSCLES OF BRONCHI, THE SECRETION OF GLANDS, PERISTALTIC MOVEMENT OF THE GI TRACT) 10/27/2016. 9 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes AUTONOMIC OUTFLOWS 10/27/2016. 10 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes COMPARISON OF SOMATOMOTOR AND VISCEROMOTOR INNERVATION PATTERNS S O M A T O M O T O R V I S C E R O M O T O R 10/27/2016. 11 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC CENTER (CRANIAL) PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA (FOR ORGANS OF HEAD) SYMPATHETIC CENTER VISCERAL ORGANS NOTE, THAT PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA OF THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL ORGANS ARE EMBEDDED INTO THE WALL OF THE VISCERA PARASYMPATHETIC CENTER (SACRAL) PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA (SYMPATHETIC) 10/27/2016. PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA (SYMPATHETIC) 12 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes AUTONOMIC REFLEX ARC VISCERAL PARIETAL 10/27/2016. 13 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 10/27/2016. 14 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes THE SCHEME OF VISCERAL AND PARIETAL SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION PREGANGLIONIC FIBER PARIETAL AFFERENT POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER INTESTINE VISCERAL AFFERENT PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLION SUDOMOTOR, PILOARRECTOR, VASOMOTOR 10/27/2016. 15 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes INFORMATION FLOW IN VISCERAL AND PARIETAL SYMPATHETIC REFLEX ARCS VISCERAL SENSORY STIMULUS GENERATED IN THE ORGAN --- PRIMARY VISCERAL AFFERENTS CARRY THE INFORMATION TO THE DORSAL HORN --- TRANSFER OF INFORMATION TO INTERNEURONS --- TRANSFER OF INPUT TO VISCERAL SOMATOMOTOR NEURONS --PREGANGLIONIC EFFERENT PROJECTION TO THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION --INNERVATION OF GANGLIONIC CELLS --- PROJECTION OF GANGLION NEURONS TO EXECUTIVE STRUCTURE (SMOOTH MUSCLE) --- CHANGE IN CONTRACTION STATE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE PARIETAL SENSORY STIMULUS TO THE SKIN --- PRIMARY PARIETAL AFFERENTS OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CELLS CONVEY INFORMATION TO THE POSTERIOR HORN --INFORMATION TRANSFER TO INTERNEURONS --- TRANSFER OF INPUT TO PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF THE LATERAL HORN --- PREGANGLIONIC EFFERENTS TO CELLS OF THE PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLION --- INFORMATION TRANSFER TO PARAVERTEBRAL NEURONS --- POSTGANGLIONIC AFFERENTS TO BLOODS VESSELS, HAIR AND SWEAT (SUDOR) GLANDS OF THE SKIN 10/27/2016. 16 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 10/27/2016. 17 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC CONTROL 10/27/2016. 18 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 10/27/2016. 19 Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX ARC http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/hyperbrain/anim/reflex.html 10/27/2016. 20