Download Ch. 10 Vocabs

Honors Biology 1
Ch. 10 Vocab
Section 1:
-Virulent: describes a microorganism that causes disease and that is highly infectious.
-Transformation: the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one
cell to another or from one organism to another.
-Bacteriophage a virus that infects bacteria.
Section 2:
-Nucleotide: in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, phosphate and
nitrogenous base.
-Deoxyribose: a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides.
-Nitrogenous base: an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a
subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA.
-Purine: a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of these two general
categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine.
-Pyrimidine: a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general
categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil.
-Base-pairing rules: the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs
with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA.
-Complementary base pair: the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are
paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and guanine
pairs with cytosine.
-Base sequence: NOT IN BACK OF BOOK; the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA.
Section 3:
-DNA replication: the process of making a copy of DNA.
-Helicase: an enzyme that separates DNA strands.
-Replication fork: a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix
separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated.
-DNA polymerase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule.
-Semi-conservative replication: in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the
original molecule, and the other strand is new.
-Mutation: a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule.
Section 4:
-Ribonucleic acid (RNA): a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a
role in protein synthesis.
-Transcription: the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a
template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA
molecule as a template.
-Translation: the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses
the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide
chains.
-Protein synthesis: the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and
carried by mRNA.
-Ribose: a five-carbon sugar present in RNA.
-Messenger RNA (mRNA): a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to
make a protein.
-Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell an that is
responsible for ribosome function.
-Transfer RNA (tRNA): an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a
polypeptide chain during translation.
-RNA polymerase: an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand
of a DNA molecule as a template.
-Promoter: a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an NA polymerase molecule
binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene.
-Termination signal: a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene.
-Genetic code: the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of
three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies
the amino acid sequence of a protein.
-Codon: in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start
signal or a stop signal.
-Anticodon: a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of
mRNA.
-Genome: the complete genetic material contained in an individual.