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Download Ch. 10 Vocabs
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Honors Biology 1 Ch. 10 Vocab Section 1: -Virulent: describes a microorganism that causes disease and that is highly infectious. -Transformation: the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another. -Bacteriophage a virus that infects bacteria. Section 2: -Nucleotide: in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base. -Deoxyribose: a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides. -Nitrogenous base: an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA. -Purine: a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of these two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine. -Pyrimidine: a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil. -Base-pairing rules: the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA. -Complementary base pair: the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine. -Base sequence: NOT IN BACK OF BOOK; the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA. Section 3: -DNA replication: the process of making a copy of DNA. -Helicase: an enzyme that separates DNA strands. -Replication fork: a Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated. -DNA polymerase: an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule. -Semi-conservative replication: in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and the other strand is new. -Mutation: a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule. Section 4: -Ribonucleic acid (RNA): a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis. -Transcription: the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template. -Translation: the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains. -Protein synthesis: the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA. -Ribose: a five-carbon sugar present in RNA. -Messenger RNA (mRNA): a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein. -Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell an that is responsible for ribosome function. -Transfer RNA (tRNA): an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation. -RNA polymerase: an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template. -Promoter: a nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an NA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene. -Termination signal: a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene. -Genetic code: the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. -Codon: in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal. -Anticodon: a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA. -Genome: the complete genetic material contained in an individual.