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AP Biology Unit 6B Syllabus Gene Expression Chapters 17-18; 20 Date Wednesday January 18 Thursday January 19 Friday January 20 Monday January 23 Class Discussion Topic/Activity Transcription notes Learning Targets Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein 1. I can explain how the sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. a. mRNA carries information from DNA to the ribosome. b. tRNA molecules bind specific amino acids and allow information in the mRNA to be translated to a linear peptide sequence. c. rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes. 2. I can explain how genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. a. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3’ to 5’ direction and synthesizes complimentary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide. b. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzymeregulated modifications, such as: i. Addition of a poly-A tail ii. Addition of a GTP cap iii. Excision of introns c. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome. d. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation, and termination. i. The mRNA interacts with the rRNA of the ribosome to initiate translation at the (start) codon. ii. The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called codons. iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart. Many amino acids have more than one codon. iv. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNA. v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain. vi. The process continues along the mRNA until a “stop” codon is reached. vii. The process terminates by release of the newly synthesized peptide/protein. 3. I can explain how phenotypes are determined through protein activities, such as: a. Enzymatic reactions b. Transport by proteins c. Synthesis d. Degradation 4. I can explain that alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype a. DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral based on the effect of the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or protein and the phenotypes that are conferred by the protein. Chapter 21: Genomes and Their Evolution (section 21.5 only) 1. I can explain how multiple copies of alleles or genes (gene duplication) may provide new phenotypes. a. Gene duplication creates a situation in which one copy of the gene maintains its original function, while the duplicate may evolve a new function, such as the antifreeze gene in fish Assignment Read, take notes chapter 17 o One-pager due Monday Jan. 23 Videos: o DNA and RNA Part 2 focus on transcription and translation Transcription POGIL Translation notes Quiz – ch. 17 Transcription & Translation Modeling Activity Translation POGIL Point Mutation Mini Research Project Mastering Biology chapter 17 Quiz due by 11:59 pm Tuesday January 24 Present Mutations Poster Prokaryotic Gene Control notes (18.1) Wednesday January 25 Thursday January 26 Friday January 27 Trp Operson Modeling Lac Operon Simulation Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Notes (18.2- 18.3) Eukaryotic Gene Control Jigsaw/Poster Walk Quiz – Chapter 18 Eukaryotic Gene Control Jigsaw/Poster Walk Gene Expression & Development (18.4) Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression (sections 18.1-18.4 only) 1. I can explain how both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses [operons in bacteria]. a. The expression of specific genes can be turned on by the presence of an inducer. b. The expression of specific genes can be inhibited by the presence of a repressor. c. Inducers and repressors are small molecules that interact with regulatory proteins and/or regulatory sequences. d. Regulatory proteins inhibit gene expression by binding to DNA and blocking transcription (negative control). e. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function. f. Certain genes are continuously expressed; that is, they are always turned “on,” e.g., the ribosomal genes. 2. I can explain how both DNA regulatory sequences, regulatory genes, and small regulatory RNAs are involved in gene expression. a. Regulatory sequences are stretches of DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription, such as: i. Promoters ii. Terminators iii. Enhancers b. A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA encoding a regulatory protein or RNA. 3. I can explain how in eukaryotes, gene expression is complex and control involves regulatory genes, regulatory elements and transcription factors that act in concert. a. Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences and/or other regulatory proteins. b. Some of these transcription factors are activators (increase expression), while others are repressors (decrease expression). c. The combination of transcription factors binding to the regulatory regions at any one time determines how much, if any, of the gene product will be produced. 4. I can explain the role of RNAi in the regulation of gene expression at the level of mRNA transcription. 5. I can explain how gene regulation accounts for some of the phenotypic differences between organisms with similar genes. 6. I can explain that observable cell differentiation results from the expression of genes for tissue-specific proteins. 7. I can explain that induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. a. Genetic transplantation experiments support the link between gene expression and normal development. b. Genetic regulation by microRNAs plays an important role in the development of organisms and the control of cellular functions. 8. I can explain that differentiation in development is due to external and internal cues that trigger gene regulation by proteins that bind to DNA. 9. I can explain how structural and functional divergence of cells in development is due to expression of genes specific to a particular tissue or organ type. 10. I can explain how environmental stimuli can affect gene expression in a mature cell. Read, take notes chapter 18 Prezi: Prokaryotic Regulation of Gene Expression o (focus on prokaryotic regulation only) Prezi Eukaryotic Regulation of Gene Expression Watch Video o RNAi o More detailed video Mastering Biology Chapter 18 Quiz Due at 11:59 Pre – Lab AP Lab 8 Monday January 30 AP Lab 8: Biotechnology – Bacterial Transformation (Day 1) Tuesday January 31 AP Lab 8: Biotechnology – Bacterial Transformation (Day 2) Practice Gel Electrophoresis Genetic Engineering notes Wednesday February 1 Thursday February 2 Friday February 3 AP Lab 9: Biotechnology – Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA AP Lab 9: Biotechnology – Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Review Unit 6B Test Chapter 20: Biotechnology (sections 20.1-20.2 only) 1. I can explain how genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA, such as: a. Electrophoresis b. Plasmid-based transformation c. Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA d. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2. I can provide examples of genetic engineering, such as: a. Genetically modified foods b. Transgenic animals c. Cloned animals d. Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X Read, take notes chapter 20.1-20.2 Pre-lab AP Lab 9 Videos: o Molecular biology o DNA Profiling