Nonstop mRNA Decay: a Special Attribute of Trans
... components of the translation machinery. Bacteria have evolved three seemingly independent pathways to resolve stalled translation complexes. The trans-translation process, orchestrated by the hybrid transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) and its essential protein co-factor, SmpB, is the principal translati ...
... components of the translation machinery. Bacteria have evolved three seemingly independent pathways to resolve stalled translation complexes. The trans-translation process, orchestrated by the hybrid transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) and its essential protein co-factor, SmpB, is the principal translati ...
ATP– and ADP–DnaA protein, a molecular switch in gene regulation
... The E.coli dnaA transcription unit contains two promoters, dnaAp1 and dnaAp2, with a DnaA box located between them. dnaAp2 is the stronger promoter, it contributes 60–80% of the dnaA transcripts (Kücherer et al., 1986; Polaczek and Wright, 1990). Transcription from both promoters is reduced upon ov ...
... The E.coli dnaA transcription unit contains two promoters, dnaAp1 and dnaAp2, with a DnaA box located between them. dnaAp2 is the stronger promoter, it contributes 60–80% of the dnaA transcripts (Kücherer et al., 1986; Polaczek and Wright, 1990). Transcription from both promoters is reduced upon ov ...
Matching catalytic activity to developmental function: Tolloid
... enhanced levels of Sog protein accumulation in the dorsal domain (Srinivasan et al., 2002) suggested that Tlr might process Sog. To examine this possibility, we first produced various tagged forms of the Tlr protein in cell culture. Previously, we found that insertion of an HA epitope at the C termi ...
... enhanced levels of Sog protein accumulation in the dorsal domain (Srinivasan et al., 2002) suggested that Tlr might process Sog. To examine this possibility, we first produced various tagged forms of the Tlr protein in cell culture. Previously, we found that insertion of an HA epitope at the C termi ...
E7.5 endoderm induction by adjacent germ layers
... 1997; St-Onge et al., 1997; Sussel et al., 1998). How these transcription factors interact to generate specific cell types is as yet unclear, although some target genes of Pdx1, including insulin and somatostatin (Goudet et al., 1999), have been identified. In the studies mentioned above, particular ...
... 1997; St-Onge et al., 1997; Sussel et al., 1998). How these transcription factors interact to generate specific cell types is as yet unclear, although some target genes of Pdx1, including insulin and somatostatin (Goudet et al., 1999), have been identified. In the studies mentioned above, particular ...
A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF SELECTED ARGININE AND
... Activated Thrombin-activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFIa) Activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) is a 36 kDa carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme that catalyzes removal of basic (arginine or lysine) residues from the carboxy termini of selected peptides or proteins [4, 10]. In ...
... Activated Thrombin-activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFIa) Activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) is a 36 kDa carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme that catalyzes removal of basic (arginine or lysine) residues from the carboxy termini of selected peptides or proteins [4, 10]. In ...
Cooperative and independent functions of FGF and Wnt signaling
... activator of Wnt signaling, BIO, which inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-mediated degradation of βcatenin [16]. Similarly, enlarged or ectopic otic vesicles are observed in gain-of-function experiments in which Fgf is overexpressed in multiple organisms (reviewed in [13], see also [25]). ...
... activator of Wnt signaling, BIO, which inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-mediated degradation of βcatenin [16]. Similarly, enlarged or ectopic otic vesicles are observed in gain-of-function experiments in which Fgf is overexpressed in multiple organisms (reviewed in [13], see also [25]). ...
two types of titin interactions lead to an asymmetrical sorting of actinin
... ~100 amino acids, we wanted to establish if we had identified a distinct binding site. Therefore, an α-actinin construct corresponding to the largest interacting cDNA from their screen (Figure 1B) was cloned into pGAD-10 and found not to interact with our titin bait. To investigate further the exact ...
... ~100 amino acids, we wanted to establish if we had identified a distinct binding site. Therefore, an α-actinin construct corresponding to the largest interacting cDNA from their screen (Figure 1B) was cloned into pGAD-10 and found not to interact with our titin bait. To investigate further the exact ...
SOX9 specifies the pyloric sphincter epithelium
... et al., 2001). The importance of all these factors in gut patterning is highlighted by their remarkable conservation across vertebrate species (Smith et al., 2000b). SOX genes, which encode high-mobility group (HMG) domain-containing transcription factors, have been identified as key players in nume ...
... et al., 2001). The importance of all these factors in gut patterning is highlighted by their remarkable conservation across vertebrate species (Smith et al., 2000b). SOX genes, which encode high-mobility group (HMG) domain-containing transcription factors, have been identified as key players in nume ...
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... Cre-mediated recombination (Mak et al., 2006). As shown before, we found that in the Ptch1c/–;Col2a1-Cre embryos, Ihh signaling is upregulated, as indicated by the enhanced expression of the Hh signaling target genes Gli1 and Hip1 (Fig. 2B). In addition, chondrocyte hypertrophy was significantly del ...
... Cre-mediated recombination (Mak et al., 2006). As shown before, we found that in the Ptch1c/–;Col2a1-Cre embryos, Ihh signaling is upregulated, as indicated by the enhanced expression of the Hh signaling target genes Gli1 and Hip1 (Fig. 2B). In addition, chondrocyte hypertrophy was significantly del ...
PRH/Hex - Biochemical Journal
... and formation of the primitive vasculature and blood system [9]. After gastrulation, PRH is expressed within the embryo itself: in mesodermal tissues that give rise to haematopoietic and vascular progenitors and the endocardium of the heart, and in endodermal tissues that are involved in the formati ...
... and formation of the primitive vasculature and blood system [9]. After gastrulation, PRH is expressed within the embryo itself: in mesodermal tissues that give rise to haematopoietic and vascular progenitors and the endocardium of the heart, and in endodermal tissues that are involved in the formati ...
Activation of the Arabidopsis B Class Homeotic
... (C) An ap1 AP1:VP16 flower from the fourth node. The medial whorl 1 organs are completely converted to petals (arrowheads). The lateral whorl 1 organs have features of bracts and sepals. For example, these organs curve toward the center of the flower and have both simple and stellate trichomes (not ...
... (C) An ap1 AP1:VP16 flower from the fourth node. The medial whorl 1 organs are completely converted to petals (arrowheads). The lateral whorl 1 organs have features of bracts and sepals. For example, these organs curve toward the center of the flower and have both simple and stellate trichomes (not ...
PKC regulates the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes through
... overexpression of other PKC isozymes. (C) Histogram representation of PKC particulate (open area) and cytosolic (dark area) protein levels (n 3 experiments). Adenoviral-mediated expression and redistribution of PKC was not reduced by coexpression of PKCII, , or (P 0.05). ...
... overexpression of other PKC isozymes. (C) Histogram representation of PKC particulate (open area) and cytosolic (dark area) protein levels (n 3 experiments). Adenoviral-mediated expression and redistribution of PKC was not reduced by coexpression of PKCII, , or (P 0.05). ...
Ribosomal Stalk Protein L12: Structure, Function and
... The ribosome is composed of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) arranged in two subunits, the large subunit is about twice the size of the small subunit. The ribosomes, ribosomal subunits and rRNAs are called by their sedimentation coefficient (S). The intact ribosome is calle ...
... The ribosome is composed of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) arranged in two subunits, the large subunit is about twice the size of the small subunit. The ribosomes, ribosomal subunits and rRNAs are called by their sedimentation coefficient (S). The intact ribosome is calle ...
Posttranslational Modification of MDM2
... to mediating degradation of p53, MDM2 blocks the interaction of p53 with the transcriptional apparatus (10), mediates translocation of p53 to the cytoplasm (11), thereby removing it from its site of action, and recruits the histone deacetylase HDAC1 to deacetylate key lysine residues in the COOH ter ...
... to mediating degradation of p53, MDM2 blocks the interaction of p53 with the transcriptional apparatus (10), mediates translocation of p53 to the cytoplasm (11), thereby removing it from its site of action, and recruits the histone deacetylase HDAC1 to deacetylate key lysine residues in the COOH ter ...
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... The Drosophila wing disc has been used as an excellent model to study the Hh signal transduction. Posterior (P) compartment cells in the wing discs secrete Hh protein that moves into the anterior (A) compartment and induces the expression of Hh target genes, such as dpp, ptc and engrailed (en), whic ...
... The Drosophila wing disc has been used as an excellent model to study the Hh signal transduction. Posterior (P) compartment cells in the wing discs secrete Hh protein that moves into the anterior (A) compartment and induces the expression of Hh target genes, such as dpp, ptc and engrailed (en), whic ...
Drosophila Xpd Regulates Cdk7 Localization, Mitotic Kinase
... The trimeric CAK complex functions in cell cycle control by phosphorylating and activating Cdks while TFIIH-linked CAK functions in transcription. CAK also associates into a tetramer with Xpd, and our analysis of young Drosophila embryos that do not require transcription now suggests a cell cycle fu ...
... The trimeric CAK complex functions in cell cycle control by phosphorylating and activating Cdks while TFIIH-linked CAK functions in transcription. CAK also associates into a tetramer with Xpd, and our analysis of young Drosophila embryos that do not require transcription now suggests a cell cycle fu ...
DORNRÖSCHEN is a direct target of the auxin response factor
... obtained for trafficking of the DRN-GFP protein into basal suspensor cells during embryogenesis. However, introduction of the DRN::DRN-GFP translational fusion transgene into the drn1 drnl double mutant background resulted in partial complementation of the basal domain embryo phenotype. Homozygous d ...
... obtained for trafficking of the DRN-GFP protein into basal suspensor cells during embryogenesis. However, introduction of the DRN::DRN-GFP translational fusion transgene into the drn1 drnl double mutant background resulted in partial complementation of the basal domain embryo phenotype. Homozygous d ...
Arpp19 and Cdc6, two major regulators of the meiotic division
... always made herself available to help and support me even when nothing seemed to be working. She was the best supervisor I could hope for (and surely a better “supervisor” than a “ping pong player ...
... always made herself available to help and support me even when nothing seemed to be working. She was the best supervisor I could hope for (and surely a better “supervisor” than a “ping pong player ...
Interactions of Annexins with the mu Subunits of the Clathrin
... demonstrated in vitro to be direct, to require calcium, and to be functional in the sense that annexin A2 was able to recruit the mu2 to immobilized lipids. Examination of other annexins and mu subunits demonstrated that annexin A2 also binds the mu1 subunit of the AP-1 complex, that annexin A6 bind ...
... demonstrated in vitro to be direct, to require calcium, and to be functional in the sense that annexin A2 was able to recruit the mu2 to immobilized lipids. Examination of other annexins and mu subunits demonstrated that annexin A2 also binds the mu1 subunit of the AP-1 complex, that annexin A6 bind ...
Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... Although the upstream regulators of TAK1 depend on the type of stimulus, the interaction with TABs is an essential step for TAK1 activation. Interestingly, emerging studies have demonstrated the existence of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of TAK1 and TABs, indicating that PTMs are functiona ...
... Although the upstream regulators of TAK1 depend on the type of stimulus, the interaction with TABs is an essential step for TAK1 activation. Interestingly, emerging studies have demonstrated the existence of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of TAK1 and TABs, indicating that PTMs are functiona ...
The Plant Cell - Department of Biology
... to the DNA binding domain of GAL4 and into pACT as a fusion to the activation domain of GAL4. Before screening of the yeast two-hybrid library, the interaction of the C-terminal region of KCBP (KCBP-1.4) with itself was assayed using the two constructs. The C-terminal region of KCBP did not interact ...
... to the DNA binding domain of GAL4 and into pACT as a fusion to the activation domain of GAL4. Before screening of the yeast two-hybrid library, the interaction of the C-terminal region of KCBP (KCBP-1.4) with itself was assayed using the two constructs. The C-terminal region of KCBP did not interact ...
Glycogen Synthase Sensitivity to Insulin and Glucose-6
... occurs via a signaling pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). One current hypothesis is that activation of PI3-kinase by insulin results in phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase B, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) (11). ...
... occurs via a signaling pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). One current hypothesis is that activation of PI3-kinase by insulin results in phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase B, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) (11). ...
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... target each member of the pre-RC from the onset of S phase through mitosis. Mammalian Cdt1 is inhibited by at least four distinct pathways, suggesting that it is among the most important to inhibit; we discuss each of these mechanisms in more detail in Section 4. Many licensing factors are inactivat ...
... target each member of the pre-RC from the onset of S phase through mitosis. Mammalian Cdt1 is inhibited by at least four distinct pathways, suggesting that it is among the most important to inhibit; we discuss each of these mechanisms in more detail in Section 4. Many licensing factors are inactivat ...
Protein phosphatase 1 down regulates ZYG
... properly spliced in the mutant (Fig 1B). At 24°C the embryonic viability of zyg-1(it25); szy-2(bs4) double mutant embryos is 83%, significantly higher than zyg-1(it25) (0% viability). To determine if suppression of the embryonic lethal phenotype was associated wi ...
... properly spliced in the mutant (Fig 1B). At 24°C the embryonic viability of zyg-1(it25); szy-2(bs4) double mutant embryos is 83%, significantly higher than zyg-1(it25) (0% viability). To determine if suppression of the embryonic lethal phenotype was associated wi ...
Serine Residues 286, 288, and 293 within the CIITA: A
... specific mutants were not tested for transcriptional activity, a separate experiment in that paper showed that the treatment of cells with inhibitors of phosphatase activity resulted in an increase in CIITA trans-activation and that this is associated with an increase in CIITA oligomerization and nu ...
... specific mutants were not tested for transcriptional activity, a separate experiment in that paper showed that the treatment of cells with inhibitors of phosphatase activity resulted in an increase in CIITA trans-activation and that this is associated with an increase in CIITA oligomerization and nu ...
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with ""histone acetyltransferase"" (HAT) or ""histone deacetylase"" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, Acetyl-Coenzyme A) to another. Deacetylation is simply the reverse reaction where an acetyl group is removed from a molecule.Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription. This relaxation can be reversed by HDAC activity. Relaxed, transcriptionally active DNA is referred to as euchromatin. More condensed (tightly packed) DNA is referred to as heterochromatin. Condensation can be brought about by processes including deacetylation and methylation; the action of methylation is indirect and has no effect upon charge.