Download Unit 6B Learning Targets

AP Biology Unit 6B Syllabus
Gene Expression
Chapters 17-18; 20
Date
Wednesday
January 18
Thursday
January 19
Friday
January 20
Monday
January 23
Class Discussion
Topic/Activity
Transcription notes
Learning Targets
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
1. I can explain how the sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of
the RNA molecule, determines RNA function.
a.
mRNA carries information from DNA to the ribosome.
b. tRNA molecules bind specific amino acids and allow information in the
mRNA to be translated to a linear peptide sequence.
c.
rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes.
2. I can explain how genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a
gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
a.
The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3’ to 5’
direction and synthesizes complimentary mRNA molecules that
determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.
b. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzymeregulated modifications, such as:
i. Addition of a poly-A tail
ii. Addition of a GTP cap
iii. Excision of introns
c.
Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.
d. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the
message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including
initiation, elongation, and termination.
i. The mRNA interacts with the rRNA of the ribosome to
initiate translation at the (start) codon.
ii. The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets
called codons.
iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be
deduced by using a genetic code chart. Many amino acids
have more than one codon.
iv. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on
the mRNA.
v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.
vi. The process continues along the mRNA until a “stop” codon
is reached.
vii. The process terminates by release of the newly synthesized
peptide/protein.
3. I can explain how phenotypes are determined through protein activities, such as:
a.
Enzymatic reactions
b. Transport by proteins
c.
Synthesis
d. Degradation
4. I can explain that alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or
amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype
a.
DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral based on the effect
of the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or protein
and the phenotypes that are conferred by the protein.
Chapter 21: Genomes and Their Evolution (section 21.5 only)
1. I can explain how multiple copies of alleles or genes (gene duplication) may
provide new phenotypes.
a. Gene duplication creates a situation in which one copy of the gene
maintains its original function, while the duplicate may evolve a new
function, such as the antifreeze gene in fish
Assignment


Read, take notes chapter 17
o
One-pager due
Monday Jan. 23
Videos:
o
DNA and RNA
Part 2 focus on
transcription and
translation
Transcription POGIL
Translation notes
Quiz – ch. 17
Transcription &
Translation
Modeling Activity
Translation POGIL
Point Mutation
Mini Research
Project

Mastering Biology chapter
17 Quiz due by 11:59 pm
Tuesday
January 24
Present Mutations
Poster
Prokaryotic Gene
Control notes (18.1)
Wednesday
January 25
Thursday
January 26
Friday
January 27
Trp Operson
Modeling
Lac Operon
Simulation
Eukaryotic Gene
Regulation Notes
(18.2- 18.3)
Eukaryotic Gene
Control
Jigsaw/Poster Walk
Quiz – Chapter 18
Eukaryotic Gene
Control
Jigsaw/Poster Walk
Gene Expression &
Development (18.4)
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression (sections 18.1-18.4 only)
1. I can explain how both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene
expression in bacteria and viruses [operons in bacteria].
a.
The expression of specific genes can be turned on by the presence of
an inducer.
b. The expression of specific genes can be inhibited by the presence of a
repressor.
c.
Inducers and repressors are small molecules that interact with
regulatory proteins and/or regulatory sequences.
d. Regulatory proteins inhibit gene expression by binding to DNA and
blocking transcription (negative control).
e. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and
stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to
inactivate repressor function.
f.
Certain genes are continuously expressed; that is, they are always
turned “on,” e.g., the ribosomal genes.
2. I can explain how both DNA regulatory sequences, regulatory genes, and small
regulatory RNAs are involved in gene expression.
a.
Regulatory sequences are stretches of DNA that interact with
regulatory proteins to control transcription, such as:
i. Promoters
ii. Terminators
iii. Enhancers
b. A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA encoding a regulatory protein
or RNA.
3. I can explain how in eukaryotes, gene expression is complex and control involves
regulatory genes, regulatory elements and transcription factors that act in
concert.
a.
Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences and/or other
regulatory proteins.
b. Some of these transcription factors are activators (increase
expression), while others are repressors (decrease expression).
c.
The combination of transcription factors binding to the regulatory
regions at any one time determines how much, if any, of the gene
product will be produced.
4. I can explain the role of RNAi in the regulation of gene expression at the level of
mRNA transcription.
5. I can explain how gene regulation accounts for some of the phenotypic differences
between organisms with similar genes.
6. I can explain that observable cell differentiation results from the expression of
genes for tissue-specific proteins.
7. I can explain that induction of transcription factors during development results in
sequential gene expression.
a.
Genetic transplantation experiments support the link between gene
expression and normal development.
b. Genetic regulation by microRNAs plays an important role in the
development of organisms and the control of cellular functions.
8. I can explain that differentiation in development is due to external and internal
cues that trigger gene regulation by proteins that bind to DNA.
9. I can explain how structural and functional divergence of cells in development is
due to expression of genes specific to a particular tissue or organ type.
10. I can explain how environmental stimuli can affect gene expression in a mature
cell.


Read, take notes chapter 18
Prezi:
Prokaryotic Regulation of
Gene Expression
o
(focus on
prokaryotic
regulation only)

Prezi
Eukaryotic Regulation of
Gene Expression

Watch Video
o
RNAi
o
More detailed
video

Mastering Biology Chapter
18 Quiz Due at 11:59
Pre – Lab AP Lab 8

Monday
January 30
AP Lab 8:
Biotechnology –
Bacterial
Transformation
(Day 1)
Tuesday
January 31
AP Lab 8:
Biotechnology –
Bacterial
Transformation
(Day 2)
Practice Gel
Electrophoresis
Genetic Engineering
notes
Wednesday
February 1
Thursday
February 2
Friday
February 3
AP Lab 9:
Biotechnology –
Restriction Enzyme
Analysis of DNA
AP Lab 9:
Biotechnology –
Restriction Enzyme
Analysis of DNA
Review
Unit 6B Test
Chapter 20: Biotechnology (sections 20.1-20.2 only)
1. I can explain how genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable
information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA, such as:
a.
Electrophoresis
b. Plasmid-based transformation
c.
Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA
d. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
2. I can provide examples of genetic engineering, such as:
a.
Genetically modified foods
b. Transgenic animals
c.
Cloned animals
d. Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X

Read, take notes chapter
20.1-20.2


Pre-lab AP Lab 9
Videos:
o
Molecular
biology
o
DNA Profiling