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Transcript
Cell biology Ergastic Substances Ergastic substances are nonprotoplasmic cell produced materials. They include reserve or waste materials produced and stored in a cell. Ergastic substances include: Reserve materials Starch, proteins, lipids. Waste products Pigments, tannins, and crystals. Back to main anatomy menu Anthocyanin in garlic (Allium) bulb scale cells. Next Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Storage parenchyma cells can be filled with lipid bodies, protein bodies and especially amyloplasts containing starch. Storage parenchyma containing starch Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Amyloplasts in grain endosperm. Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances In specialize storage cells like those in some seeds, protein is stored in membrane-bound protein bodies that form from the vacuole. Protein bodies in legume cotyledon cells. Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances The major pigments include chlorophyll (green), carotenoids (yellow and orange), and flavanoids (anthocyanins – red and blues). They may occur in chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or in the vacuole. Anthocyanin pigments in the vacuoles of a vinca (Catharanthus) petal. Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Carotenoid pigments in pepper fruit chromoplasts. Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Tannins are a group of polyphenolic substances. They are produced in chloroplast derived tannosomes. They are often stored in the vacuole, but can occur in the cytoplasm. Tannins may perform a protective function in plant defense. Lumen Tannin containing cell Tannins will precipitate protein so they are often stored in isolated cells. Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Idioblastic cells filled with tannin Resin duct Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Crystals are mostly composed of calcium oxalate, but may also occur as calcium carbonate crystals. The different crystal forms include: Prismatic - Crystals Globular - Druse Hanging - Cystolith Needle-like – Raphides, styloids Crystals in banana (Musa) hypodermis. Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Prismatic crystals occur in a variety of shapes from rectangular, pyramidal, or rhomboid. Abundant crystals in the papery scale-cover on garlic (Allium) bulbs. Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Druse are dense, granular crystals with a rounded shape. Two of the most common types are illustrated below. Druse are aggregates of prismatic crystals. Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Cystoliths are similar to druse crystals but hang from cell wall outgrowths. Rather than calcium oxalate, cystoliths are made of calcium carbonate. They occur in only a few families (Moraceae, Acanthaceae, and Cucurbitaceae) contained in an epidermal cell type called a lithocyst. Cell wall outgrowth Lithocyst Cystolith Fig (Ficus) leaf Back to main anatomy menu Back Next Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Raphides are needle-like calciumoxalate crystals that usually occur in bundles within a cell. Raphide crystals separated from bundles to show individual shape. Raphide crystal bundles Back to main anatomy menu Raphide bundles are contained within a vacuole-derived membrane. Back Next Back to cell biology menu Main menu Cell biology Ergastic Substances Styloids are similar to raphides, but occur singly in a cell. Back to main anatomy menu Back Back to cell biology menu Main menu