A direct role for Sox10 in specification of neural crest
... numbers in zebrafish sox10 mutants (Dutton et al., 2001b). Counts of NC cells (NCCs) on the medial pathway demonstrated that DRG precursor cells migrate in normal numbers in sox10 mutants. We recently proposed, based in part on single-cell analysis of NCCs in sox10 mutants, that zebrafish sox10 has ...
... numbers in zebrafish sox10 mutants (Dutton et al., 2001b). Counts of NC cells (NCCs) on the medial pathway demonstrated that DRG precursor cells migrate in normal numbers in sox10 mutants. We recently proposed, based in part on single-cell analysis of NCCs in sox10 mutants, that zebrafish sox10 has ...
Evidence for an apical Na–Cl cotransporter involved in ion uptake in
... Cation–chloride cotransporters, such as the Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+/Cl– cotransporter (NCC), are localized to the apical or basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells and are involved in active ion absorption or secretion. The objectives of this study were to clone and identif ...
... Cation–chloride cotransporters, such as the Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+/Cl– cotransporter (NCC), are localized to the apical or basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells and are involved in active ion absorption or secretion. The objectives of this study were to clone and identif ...
Ca signaling and early embryonic patterning during zebrafish
... 4. The potential down-stream targets of these Ca2+ transients are also discussed as well as how they might integrate with other pattern-forming signaling pathways, known to modulate early developmental events. Introduction There is an accumulating body of evidence to suggest that Ca2+ signaling play ...
... 4. The potential down-stream targets of these Ca2+ transients are also discussed as well as how they might integrate with other pattern-forming signaling pathways, known to modulate early developmental events. Introduction There is an accumulating body of evidence to suggest that Ca2+ signaling play ...
The serine protease Corin is a novel modifier of the agouti pathway
... expression profiles and available expression data suggested that Corin expression was largely restricted to cardiomyocytes (see also Yan et al., 1999). This restricted expression profile and the expression of the Corin protein on the surface of the cell made this gene an attractive candidate for fur ...
... expression profiles and available expression data suggested that Corin expression was largely restricted to cardiomyocytes (see also Yan et al., 1999). This restricted expression profile and the expression of the Corin protein on the surface of the cell made this gene an attractive candidate for fur ...
Structure and function of the notochord: an essential
... family. In zebrafish, the one-eyed pinhead (oep) locus encodes an EGF-CFC protein that is essential for Nodal signalling (Gritsman et al., 1999; Schier et al., 1997; Zhang et al., 1998). Initially characterised by zygotic loss-of-function, oep mutant embryos were found to be cyclopean but to possess ...
... family. In zebrafish, the one-eyed pinhead (oep) locus encodes an EGF-CFC protein that is essential for Nodal signalling (Gritsman et al., 1999; Schier et al., 1997; Zhang et al., 1998). Initially characterised by zygotic loss-of-function, oep mutant embryos were found to be cyclopean but to possess ...
High-resolution imaging of cardiomyocyte behavior
... lack cardiac contractions and flow, and myh6 morphants, which lack atrial contraction and exhibit reduced flow. We found that, compared with cardiomyocytes in wild-type hearts, those in erbb2 mutants were less likely to form protrusions, those in tnnt2a morphants formed less stable protrusions, and ...
... lack cardiac contractions and flow, and myh6 morphants, which lack atrial contraction and exhibit reduced flow. We found that, compared with cardiomyocytes in wild-type hearts, those in erbb2 mutants were less likely to form protrusions, those in tnnt2a morphants formed less stable protrusions, and ...
Seborrhoeic keratoses - University Hospitals Birmingham NHS
... can gradually grow outwards too. They slowly darken and may turn black. In dark-skinned individuals they can appear as multiple small dark brown or black spots, especially over the face and the neck. (This is known as Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra.) They can range in size from a few millimeters to seve ...
... can gradually grow outwards too. They slowly darken and may turn black. In dark-skinned individuals they can appear as multiple small dark brown or black spots, especially over the face and the neck. (This is known as Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra.) They can range in size from a few millimeters to seve ...
Figure 17. Ptc1 expression in Tulp3 mutant limb buds
... Inappropriate activation of the pathway in adult tissues has also been implicated in several human cancers. In recent years several unexpected regulatory factors of the pathway during embryogenesis and in the adult have emerged through genetic studies in the mouse, such as proteins involved in vesic ...
... Inappropriate activation of the pathway in adult tissues has also been implicated in several human cancers. In recent years several unexpected regulatory factors of the pathway during embryogenesis and in the adult have emerged through genetic studies in the mouse, such as proteins involved in vesic ...
Classification of Enteric Progenitors in Zebrafish During Development
... from Central nervous system • Composed of different subtypes of neurons and glial cells ...
... from Central nervous system • Composed of different subtypes of neurons and glial cells ...
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... levels drop precipitously by a mechanism that depends on Mgl and Rab5-dependent endocytosis. In the absence of Mgl, Yellow protein persists at higher levels and melanin granules form ectopically in more proximal layers of the procuticle. We propose that the tight localization of the melanin synthesi ...
... levels drop precipitously by a mechanism that depends on Mgl and Rab5-dependent endocytosis. In the absence of Mgl, Yellow protein persists at higher levels and melanin granules form ectopically in more proximal layers of the procuticle. We propose that the tight localization of the melanin synthesi ...
Molecular Characterization of the Melanin
... were constructed separately, then docked together as described in Materials and Methods. The receptor model contains two discrete hydrophilic pockets, one between transmembrane domains 3 and 7 and the other between transmembrane domains 4, 5, and 6, which are separated by a central hydrophobic regio ...
... were constructed separately, then docked together as described in Materials and Methods. The receptor model contains two discrete hydrophilic pockets, one between transmembrane domains 3 and 7 and the other between transmembrane domains 4, 5, and 6, which are separated by a central hydrophobic regio ...
Neural induction requires continued suppression of
... 1924) (reviewed by Harland, 2000). Since then, equivalent organizing centers have been identified in other vertebrates, including rabbit, mouse, chick and fish (Waddington, 1932; Oppenheimer, 1936; Beddington, 1994; Shih and Fraser, 1996; Knoetgen et al., 2000; Saude et al., 2000); all of these orga ...
... 1924) (reviewed by Harland, 2000). Since then, equivalent organizing centers have been identified in other vertebrates, including rabbit, mouse, chick and fish (Waddington, 1932; Oppenheimer, 1936; Beddington, 1994; Shih and Fraser, 1996; Knoetgen et al., 2000; Saude et al., 2000); all of these orga ...
Combinatorial signals from the neural tube, floor plate and
... developmentally immature somites were explanted and cultured under various conditions; muscle differentiation markers (i.e. myoblast fusion or myosin heavy chain synthesis) were not activated unless the somites were co-cultivated with cells from the adjacent neural tube. In contrast, developmentally ...
... developmentally immature somites were explanted and cultured under various conditions; muscle differentiation markers (i.e. myoblast fusion or myosin heavy chain synthesis) were not activated unless the somites were co-cultivated with cells from the adjacent neural tube. In contrast, developmentally ...
Blood Vessel Patterning at the Embryonic Midline
... 1989; Poole and CoYn, 1989). These observations continue to influence the way we think about vascular patterning, and subsequent work supports a model in which the pattern of blood vessels is guided by environmental cues rather than intrinsic to endothelial cells or their progenitors. The identifica ...
... 1989; Poole and CoYn, 1989). These observations continue to influence the way we think about vascular patterning, and subsequent work supports a model in which the pattern of blood vessels is guided by environmental cues rather than intrinsic to endothelial cells or their progenitors. The identifica ...
Dishevelled signaling and neural tube closure
... We refer to Xdd1-injected embryos which will eventually exhibit an open neural tube defect as ‘open-NT’ embryos, and embryos which will eventually close their neural tube as ‘closed-NT’ embryos. Xdd1 closed-NT embryos serve as a useful control group for identifying aspects of morphogenesis which are ...
... We refer to Xdd1-injected embryos which will eventually exhibit an open neural tube defect as ‘open-NT’ embryos, and embryos which will eventually close their neural tube as ‘closed-NT’ embryos. Xdd1 closed-NT embryos serve as a useful control group for identifying aspects of morphogenesis which are ...
regionally specific induction by the spemann
... organizers on the basis of their different inducing abilities. The various models that were historically put forward to explain regionally specific induction by these different organizers can be divided into two classes. Quantitative models proposed gradients of single inducers, such as the elusive ...
... organizers on the basis of their different inducing abilities. The various models that were historically put forward to explain regionally specific induction by these different organizers can be divided into two classes. Quantitative models proposed gradients of single inducers, such as the elusive ...
"VESICLE IN A BASKET" A Morphological Study of
... gons, where they sometimes form small rings having a diameter of ca . 80 A . It is important that no supporting structures can be seen between the surface of the vesicle itself and the polygonal network around the vesicle (Figs . 8, 15, and 16) . We could not find any structure that would make up th ...
... gons, where they sometimes form small rings having a diameter of ca . 80 A . It is important that no supporting structures can be seen between the surface of the vesicle itself and the polygonal network around the vesicle (Figs . 8, 15, and 16) . We could not find any structure that would make up th ...
Co-translational Targeting and Translocation of the Amino Terminus
... has provided a number of insights into mechanisms of translocation. ATP is required for post-translational translocation across the yeast ER (15), as a consequence of the involvement of both cytosolic and ER-lumenal ATPase chaperones (14, 16, 17). The lumenal chaperone BiP (also known as Kar2 and Gr ...
... has provided a number of insights into mechanisms of translocation. ATP is required for post-translational translocation across the yeast ER (15), as a consequence of the involvement of both cytosolic and ER-lumenal ATPase chaperones (14, 16, 17). The lumenal chaperone BiP (also known as Kar2 and Gr ...
Neural induction in Xenopus requires early FGF signalling in
... al., 2000). Interestingly, some authors suggested that perhaps FGF signalling in the chick is primarily involved in repressing the expression of Bmp genes (Munoz-Sanjuan and Brivanlou, 2002; Wilson and Edlund, 2001). A similar role has been proposed for early β-catenin activity in the Xenopus ectode ...
... al., 2000). Interestingly, some authors suggested that perhaps FGF signalling in the chick is primarily involved in repressing the expression of Bmp genes (Munoz-Sanjuan and Brivanlou, 2002; Wilson and Edlund, 2001). A similar role has been proposed for early β-catenin activity in the Xenopus ectode ...
Penetration of human skin by the cercariae of
... are very different (Behl et al., 1993). The entry of schistosome cercariae into the skin of the mammalian host has been described as having three phases: attachment, creeping over the surface of the skin to locate a site of entry and penetration into the epidermis (Haas & Schmitt, 1982). In the case ...
... are very different (Behl et al., 1993). The entry of schistosome cercariae into the skin of the mammalian host has been described as having three phases: attachment, creeping over the surface of the skin to locate a site of entry and penetration into the epidermis (Haas & Schmitt, 1982). In the case ...
Melatonin Receptors Trigger cAMP Production and Inhibit Chloride
... was the release of chloride; and finally, the slope of the curve straight segment representing the velocity (V) of the chloride efflux. We used these parameters to evaluate the treatments versus the untreated cells that were taken as controls. These control cells showed the normal release of chlorid ...
... was the release of chloride; and finally, the slope of the curve straight segment representing the velocity (V) of the chloride efflux. We used these parameters to evaluate the treatments versus the untreated cells that were taken as controls. These control cells showed the normal release of chlorid ...
Insights From a Sea Lamprey Into the Evolution of Neural Crest
... et al., 2005; Montero-Balaguer et al., 2006). Thus, these represent a third regulatory module in NC GRN. These transcription factors act together to regulate and maintain each other’s expression, in an interlinked and hierarchical manner the exact nature of which has yet to be defined. Their ultimat ...
... et al., 2005; Montero-Balaguer et al., 2006). Thus, these represent a third regulatory module in NC GRN. These transcription factors act together to regulate and maintain each other’s expression, in an interlinked and hierarchical manner the exact nature of which has yet to be defined. Their ultimat ...
FGF signalling: diverse roles during early vertebrate embryogenesis
... et al., 2009). Whether the same mechanism applies downstream of FGFR signalling is not yet known. The ability of FGF signalling to control morphogenetic movements seems to be conserved throughout evolution because it has been shown that, in the sea urchin, the ligand FGFA and its receptor FGFR2 are ...
... et al., 2009). Whether the same mechanism applies downstream of FGFR signalling is not yet known. The ability of FGF signalling to control morphogenetic movements seems to be conserved throughout evolution because it has been shown that, in the sea urchin, the ligand FGFA and its receptor FGFR2 are ...
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... biology has led to the identification of the signals that induce a multitude of cellular behaviours and identity changes during development. One of the biggest surprises from this research was that a small number of signalling pathways (less than a dozen) seem to direct not only the formation of the ...
... biology has led to the identification of the signals that induce a multitude of cellular behaviours and identity changes during development. One of the biggest surprises from this research was that a small number of signalling pathways (less than a dozen) seem to direct not only the formation of the ...
β-catenin controls differentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium in
... expression of Cre in the ventral optic vesicle, although we cannot exclude that cell non-autonomous mechanisms contribute to the propagation of RPE defects in the ventral optic cup. In Tyrp1Cretg/0;β-cateninfloxdel/FL eyes, the optic fissure fails to close, resulting in a coloboma (see Fig. S3B in t ...
... expression of Cre in the ventral optic vesicle, although we cannot exclude that cell non-autonomous mechanisms contribute to the propagation of RPE defects in the ventral optic cup. In Tyrp1Cretg/0;β-cateninfloxdel/FL eyes, the optic fissure fails to close, resulting in a coloboma (see Fig. S3B in t ...
Chromatophore
Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells, or groups of cells, found in bacteria and a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes for coloration.Chromatophores are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in cold-blooded animals and are generated in the neural crest during embryonic development. Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour (more properly ""hue"") under white light: xanthophores (yellow), erythrophores (red), iridophores (reflective / iridescent), leucophores (white), melanophores (black/brown), and cyanophores (blue). The term chromatophore can also refer to coloured, membrane-associated vesicles found in some forms of photosynthetic bacteria.Some species can rapidly change colour through mechanisms that translocate pigment and reorient reflective plates within chromatophores. This process, often used as a type of camouflage, is called physiological colour change or metachrosis. Cephalopods such as the octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this, whereas vertebrates such as chameleons generate a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters and may be initiated by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes in the local environment. Chromatophores are studied by scientists to understand human disease and as a tool in drug discovery.