Microtubule-associated protein 1b is required for shaping the neural
... lateral positions of cells in the deep layer of the neural plate correlate with dorso-ventral positions in the neural tube [7, 8]. In this regard, neural tube formation in zebrafish is similar to primary neurulation in mammals, which also entails the folding of an epithelialized neural plate. As in ...
... lateral positions of cells in the deep layer of the neural plate correlate with dorso-ventral positions in the neural tube [7, 8]. In this regard, neural tube formation in zebrafish is similar to primary neurulation in mammals, which also entails the folding of an epithelialized neural plate. As in ...
Control of pathfinding by the avian trunk neural crest
... can get into very small spaces, if given the appropriate substratum on which to migrate. For example, the space between the dermamyotome and sclerotome is not large, but crest cells still use this as the primary path of migration. Thus, it is not clear how large a migratory 'space' needs to be for a ...
... can get into very small spaces, if given the appropriate substratum on which to migrate. For example, the space between the dermamyotome and sclerotome is not large, but crest cells still use this as the primary path of migration. Thus, it is not clear how large a migratory 'space' needs to be for a ...
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... chamber, only occasionally encountered at day 6. Only in three of those were there any embryonic cells left. In seven sites embryonic remnants were mixed with blood. At an additional 13 sites the embryos either developed abnormally (see Fig. 2F where the amniotic cavity is composed of two parts, one ...
... chamber, only occasionally encountered at day 6. Only in three of those were there any embryonic cells left. In seven sites embryonic remnants were mixed with blood. At an additional 13 sites the embryos either developed abnormally (see Fig. 2F where the amniotic cavity is composed of two parts, one ...
Cell size trade-offs govern light exploitation strategies in
... exponent, measured as the log-log slope of metabolic rate per cell as a function of cell volume (Kleiber, 1947; Hemmingsen, 1960; Peters, 1983; Gillooly et al., 2001). The size scaling exponent b would equal 1 if metabolism scaled in direct proportion to organism size. Instead, under optimal conditi ...
... exponent, measured as the log-log slope of metabolic rate per cell as a function of cell volume (Kleiber, 1947; Hemmingsen, 1960; Peters, 1983; Gillooly et al., 2001). The size scaling exponent b would equal 1 if metabolism scaled in direct proportion to organism size. Instead, under optimal conditi ...
Wilson, S. I., Graziano, E., Harland, R., Jessell, T. M., and - ICB-USP
... to induce epidermal character [1]. The expression of Bmp4 is downregulated in the prospective neural plate cells during neural induction [1,2], and there is evidence implicating Msx1 in the BMP-mediated induction of epidermal tissue [23]. Similarly, in the embryonic region of prestreak chick embryos ...
... to induce epidermal character [1]. The expression of Bmp4 is downregulated in the prospective neural plate cells during neural induction [1,2], and there is evidence implicating Msx1 in the BMP-mediated induction of epidermal tissue [23]. Similarly, in the embryonic region of prestreak chick embryos ...
Epithelial and Stromal Developmental Patterns in a Novel Substitute
... tissue [Hoath and Leahy, 2003]. Histologically, the epidermis mainly consists of a cell population of keratinocytes that express specific cytokeratins (CKs) that are responsible for many of the functions of the epithelium [Jacques et al., 2005; Proksch et al., 2008]. Numerous diseases and conditions ...
... tissue [Hoath and Leahy, 2003]. Histologically, the epidermis mainly consists of a cell population of keratinocytes that express specific cytokeratins (CKs) that are responsible for many of the functions of the epithelium [Jacques et al., 2005; Proksch et al., 2008]. Numerous diseases and conditions ...
Slits affect the timely migration of neural crest cells via robo receptor
... Slits are expressed during earlier stages, before trunk neural crest initiate delamination (before HH13). We observed that in HH12–13 embryos (Fig. 1A–C, H–K), as for HH17 (see Supp. Fig. S1A–H, which is available online), Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3 are expressed in the trunk dorsal neural tube but are ...
... Slits are expressed during earlier stages, before trunk neural crest initiate delamination (before HH13). We observed that in HH12–13 embryos (Fig. 1A–C, H–K), as for HH17 (see Supp. Fig. S1A–H, which is available online), Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3 are expressed in the trunk dorsal neural tube but are ...
Progressive induction of caudal neural character by graded Wnt
... of tissues that possess PMC activity5. In addition, from late stage 4 onwards, caudal neural plate cells themselves transiently expressed Wnt8c (Fig. 1f and ref. 14). Wnt3A induces Wnt expression As both Wnt8c and Wnt11 were expressed in the caudal paraxial mesoderm underlying prospective caudal neu ...
... of tissues that possess PMC activity5. In addition, from late stage 4 onwards, caudal neural plate cells themselves transiently expressed Wnt8c (Fig. 1f and ref. 14). Wnt3A induces Wnt expression As both Wnt8c and Wnt11 were expressed in the caudal paraxial mesoderm underlying prospective caudal neu ...
Craniofacial Development and the Evolution of the Vertebrates: the
... Therefore, head cavities do not seem to represent primitive characters in the vertebrates, although they may constitute a synapomorphy, with which to define the gnathostomes. The developmental function of head cavities is still unknown as is their patterning mechanism. The concept of generative cons ...
... Therefore, head cavities do not seem to represent primitive characters in the vertebrates, although they may constitute a synapomorphy, with which to define the gnathostomes. The developmental function of head cavities is still unknown as is their patterning mechanism. The concept of generative cons ...
A Monoclonal Antibody against a Laminin
... the antibody and the longevity of detectable immunoreactivity were determined as a function of time after injection. Embryos were examined from 2 to 24 h after injection. At all times examined, the distribution of antibody appeared to be primarily unilateral, confined to the injected side. In embryo ...
... the antibody and the longevity of detectable immunoreactivity were determined as a function of time after injection. Embryos were examined from 2 to 24 h after injection. At all times examined, the distribution of antibody appeared to be primarily unilateral, confined to the injected side. In embryo ...
Signalling and neural crest migration pathways - Development
... implies that the crest-free zones are not an intrinsic property of odd-numbered rhombomeres themselves. This suggests that environmental influences adjacent to r3 and r5 may be important in controlling the pathways of hindbrain neural crest migration (Farlie et al., 1999), and distinct mechanisms ma ...
... implies that the crest-free zones are not an intrinsic property of odd-numbered rhombomeres themselves. This suggests that environmental influences adjacent to r3 and r5 may be important in controlling the pathways of hindbrain neural crest migration (Farlie et al., 1999), and distinct mechanisms ma ...
Chapter Five - Building a Fly Eye: Terminal
... surface of cells within the MF is obvious with E-Cadherin staining (green). In addition, the boundary between the R3 and R4 cell, marked by intense N-cadherin staining (purple), reveals the rotation of the ommatidia relative to the equator that is important for establishing the chiral trapezoid of p ...
... surface of cells within the MF is obvious with E-Cadherin staining (green). In addition, the boundary between the R3 and R4 cell, marked by intense N-cadherin staining (purple), reveals the rotation of the ommatidia relative to the equator that is important for establishing the chiral trapezoid of p ...
A Putative Role for Natriuretic Peptides in Fish Osmoregulation
... may be an exception to this pattern; when acclimated to seawater, their plasma levels of ANP (measured by an eel-specific RIA) fell substantially (Takei, unpublished observations). Published and theoretical considerations also indicate that ANP may function in fish osmoregulation indirectly via inte ...
... may be an exception to this pattern; when acclimated to seawater, their plasma levels of ANP (measured by an eel-specific RIA) fell substantially (Takei, unpublished observations). Published and theoretical considerations also indicate that ANP may function in fish osmoregulation indirectly via inte ...
processing of defensive pigment in aplysia californica: acquisition
... (Brower and Calvert, 1984). For some, their chemical defense is so effective that they make little effort to hide from predators and they may advertise their defense aposematically (Cott, 1957; Brower, 1984; Eisner, 1970). The marine snail Aplysia californica has a chemical arsenal of both active an ...
... (Brower and Calvert, 1984). For some, their chemical defense is so effective that they make little effort to hide from predators and they may advertise their defense aposematically (Cott, 1957; Brower, 1984; Eisner, 1970). The marine snail Aplysia californica has a chemical arsenal of both active an ...
Vaucheria
... Ans. Vaucheria possesses all the essentials of a multicellular organism, but the cytoplasm and the numerous nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is i ...
... Ans. Vaucheria possesses all the essentials of a multicellular organism, but the cytoplasm and the numerous nuclei are not partitioned into distinct cells. The septa remain suppressed in the vegetative condition. They appear only during the formation of reproductive organs, or when the filament is i ...
Evo-engineering and the Cellular and Molecular Origins of
... follow their derivatives through the entirety of embryonic development. In the case of mouse development, this has been achieved by retrospective clonal analysis using a LacZ transgene bearing an internal duplication that creates a frameshift (LaacZ) and inactivates the ßgalactosidase enzyme, for ge ...
... follow their derivatives through the entirety of embryonic development. In the case of mouse development, this has been achieved by retrospective clonal analysis using a LacZ transgene bearing an internal duplication that creates a frameshift (LaacZ) and inactivates the ßgalactosidase enzyme, for ge ...
Hox genes, neural crest cells and branchial arch patterning Paul A
... The classic models for craniofacial patterning argue that the morphogenetic fate and the Hox gene identity of the neural crest is pre-programmed carrying positional information acquired in the hindbrain to the peripheral nervous system and branchial arches. This is a very topical issue due to the hi ...
... The classic models for craniofacial patterning argue that the morphogenetic fate and the Hox gene identity of the neural crest is pre-programmed carrying positional information acquired in the hindbrain to the peripheral nervous system and branchial arches. This is a very topical issue due to the hi ...
DOC (iPads)
... With its belly glowing, the squid rises to the surface to hunt. Fifth slide, the squid is dimmer, floating in the water ...
... With its belly glowing, the squid rises to the surface to hunt. Fifth slide, the squid is dimmer, floating in the water ...
Eph/ephrins and N-cadherin coordinate to control the
... *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 28 September 2006 ...
... *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 28 September 2006 ...
Guidance cues involved in the development of the peripheral
... The vast majority of enteric neurons and glial cells arise from neural crest cells that emigrate from the post-otic hindbrain adjacent to somites 1– 7 (Yntema and Hammond, 1954; Le Douarin and Teillet, 1973). Vagal neural crest cells enter the foregut, and then migrate caudally within the gut wall t ...
... The vast majority of enteric neurons and glial cells arise from neural crest cells that emigrate from the post-otic hindbrain adjacent to somites 1– 7 (Yntema and Hammond, 1954; Le Douarin and Teillet, 1973). Vagal neural crest cells enter the foregut, and then migrate caudally within the gut wall t ...
Control of cell pattern in the neural tube: regulation of cell
... To examine the expression of &l-l during neural development, we localized its messenger RNA (mRNA) in developing chick embryos by in situ hybridization. dsl-1 mRNA was not expressed by cells in the neural plate (Figures 4A and 48) and first appeared at the time of closure of the neural tube. At this ...
... To examine the expression of &l-l during neural development, we localized its messenger RNA (mRNA) in developing chick embryos by in situ hybridization. dsl-1 mRNA was not expressed by cells in the neural plate (Figures 4A and 48) and first appeared at the time of closure of the neural tube. At this ...
The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision
... the storage form o f retinol in the RPE and the substrate for retinoid isom erase (Barry et al., 1989), a m em brane-bound enzym e that converts the ester to 1 l-c« -retin o l (Bernstein et al., 1987). This retinoid isom er is bound by yet another intracellular binding protein nam ed cellular retina ...
... the storage form o f retinol in the RPE and the substrate for retinoid isom erase (Barry et al., 1989), a m em brane-bound enzym e that converts the ester to 1 l-c« -retin o l (Bernstein et al., 1987). This retinoid isom er is bound by yet another intracellular binding protein nam ed cellular retina ...
Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes and Tight
... within the cross-linked cornified envelope. Nevertheless, these corneodesmosomes (Fig. 2) remain functional and their ordinate digestion will eventually permit dissociation of the horny layer and desquamation of superficial corneocytes [19, ...
... within the cross-linked cornified envelope. Nevertheless, these corneodesmosomes (Fig. 2) remain functional and their ordinate digestion will eventually permit dissociation of the horny layer and desquamation of superficial corneocytes [19, ...
Expression Sequences and Distribution of Two Primary Cell
... adhesion molecule (L-CAM) were examined in Xenopus laevis embryos by immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. Because of the technical difficulties presented by the existence of multiple polypeptide forms of CAMs and by autofluorescence of yolkcontaining cells, special care was taken in choos ...
... adhesion molecule (L-CAM) were examined in Xenopus laevis embryos by immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. Because of the technical difficulties presented by the existence of multiple polypeptide forms of CAMs and by autofluorescence of yolkcontaining cells, special care was taken in choos ...
Molecular differences between the rostral and caudal halves of the
... in a stage-specific manner. In particular, the glycoprotein train 15, 16, 17, 18 showed a complex pattern of expression, being absent from 20-somite embryos, expressed exclusively in the rostral half-sclerotome at 24 somites and present in both halves at the 32-pair stage. Expression of spots 3,4,5, ...
... in a stage-specific manner. In particular, the glycoprotein train 15, 16, 17, 18 showed a complex pattern of expression, being absent from 20-somite embryos, expressed exclusively in the rostral half-sclerotome at 24 somites and present in both halves at the 32-pair stage. Expression of spots 3,4,5, ...
Chromatophore
Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells, or groups of cells, found in bacteria and a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes for coloration.Chromatophores are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in cold-blooded animals and are generated in the neural crest during embryonic development. Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour (more properly ""hue"") under white light: xanthophores (yellow), erythrophores (red), iridophores (reflective / iridescent), leucophores (white), melanophores (black/brown), and cyanophores (blue). The term chromatophore can also refer to coloured, membrane-associated vesicles found in some forms of photosynthetic bacteria.Some species can rapidly change colour through mechanisms that translocate pigment and reorient reflective plates within chromatophores. This process, often used as a type of camouflage, is called physiological colour change or metachrosis. Cephalopods such as the octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this, whereas vertebrates such as chameleons generate a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters and may be initiated by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes in the local environment. Chromatophores are studied by scientists to understand human disease and as a tool in drug discovery.