Download Unit 3: Cells

Unit 3: Chapter 5 - Cells
The smallest functional unit of life.
A. Types of Cells
1. ____________________ – Prokaryotes
cells that _____________________ surrounded by __________
______________________________
no true ___________, but they do have ___________
smaller in size, less complex  ex: bacteria
2. _____________________ – Eukaryotes
cells containing _____________________________ surrounded
by _______________
___________________________
these are the cells you are familiar with because
___________________.
have _________________; specialized chemical reactions
B. Cell Organelles
Organelles = “_______________”
They are the little “organs” inside the cell that perform
the different life functions
1. _____________ = nuclei (plural)
round membrane bound structure
____________ for metabolism and
reproduction
if removed cell dies
a. _________________ = nuclear membrane
surrounds the nucleoplasm
double membrane – 2 layers
inner and outer membranes combine and make nuclear
pores
b. ___________________
holes in the nucleus that control passage of substances in
and out of the nucleus
allows the nucleoplasm to remain different from the rest of
the cell
c. _________________
dense granular structures made of DNA, RNA, and proteins
sites of production of _______________
d. _______________
_________ bound to various proteins
long thin threads = _____________ = hereditary material of
the cells.
2. ________________
___________ material in the cell
substances dissolved in the cytoplasm
_______________________________________________
_________________________________________
contains and hold a variety of organelles.
_____________ = movement of cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
3. _________________________
system of fluid filled canals enclosed by membranes
usually form a continuous network with nucleus
________________________________________________
provides a ____________________ where many chemical
reactions can occur
divides the cell into compartments so many types of
reactions can go on at the same time
membrane is similar to cell membrane
_________________ appearance; _________ make it rough
4. _______________
small particles
________________________
lots of them in cells
5. ____________________
stacks of _______________ sacs
_____________________________________________
Animal cells tend to have one golgi near the nucleus
Plants usually have more than one
Usually located __________ (made from same membrane)
___________________ outside of the cell
____________ (small bubbles) bind to the cell membrane.
6. ___________________
round, oval shaped organelles
______________________________
site for aerobic _____________________
surrounded by a double membrane
inner membrane is highly folded, why?
Make ____________________
300 – 800 a cell
contain their own DNA and can replicate themselves.
a. ________________________:
• _____  _____ Makes a High Energy Bond
Anaerobic Respiration (_____________) – done without
the mitochondria and without ___________.
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
_________ + ________  _____ + _______ + _____
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
_________ + ________  ___________ + _____
Aerobic Respiration
______ + _______ + _____  _____ + ______ + _______
2 Steps:
1. ________ = one ___________________, occurs in
cytoplasm, similar to fermentation.
2. __________________________________ = break
down the left overs of the glucose molecule, occurs in
the mitochondria, _________ lots of _________
7. ______________________
contain __________ (pigment = catches light)
___________________________
only in _______________
a. Photosynthesis:
Conversion of light energy into a useable form for the cell.
_____ + _____ + _______  _________ + ______
2 Steps:
1. Light Dependant Reactions:
Catches ______ and produces ____
2. Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions):
Takes in _____ and makes ______
b. What color light works best for
photosynthesis? Worst?
8. _______________
protein tube pairs that are at 90 degrees to each other
_____________________
involved in ______________
9. ________ and _____________
_____________ organelles
used for ___________ the cell or cleaning the area around it
extend from the surface of cells
________________
____________________________
10. ________________
fluid filled ___________________
plants have vacuoles filled with cell sap, have large single
vacuoles; food vacuoles
___________________ = pumps water out of the cell.
11. _________________
sac-like structures
contain strong ________________ = ___________ enzymes
White blood cells, immune system, have lysosomes that
break down bacteria
involved when the tadpole loses its tail.
12. ________________
most bacteria and __________ have cell walls
located ____________ the membrane
gives shape, provides rigidity and __________
in plants composed of __________
has many small openings that allow materials to pass in and
out
____________________.
13. ___________________
____________ membrane
_____________________________ - like the skin
makes it possible for the inside of the cell to be
_________________ than the outside
____________________________
a. Structure
two layered structure composed
of _________, __________, and
carbohydrates
____________________
“____________________”
proteins move around within
the lipids
________ & _________ proteins
b. maintain homeostasis
internal environment remains relatively constant at all times
i. pH keep around 7; concentrations of glucose, O2, CO2.
ii. controls the transport of materials in and out of the cells
iii. __________________________
certain types of substances pass through the membrane
easier than others, selective. Lipid molecules and
molecules that dissolve in lipids, alcohols, chloroform, pass
through easily.
________________, water, glucose, amino acids, CO2, O2,
pass through _______________.
_____________, starch and proteins, _____ pass through
the membrane.
Electrically neutral molecules pass more easily than
charge particles.
Permeability changes at different times and in different
cells.
14. Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Cell Wall & Chloroplasts
Large Central Vacuole
Centrioles
C. Processes of the Cell Membrane
1. __________________
movement of molecules from areas of ________________ to
areas of ___________________.
Molecules move until they reach _______________
a. Diffusion occurs because molecules are always in constant
motion.
b. Concentration Gradient
the difference between _____________________________
the greater the difference the faster diffusion happens
c. Move towards _________________ = same all around
d. Helps with getting materials ________________________
O2 and CO2 move into and out of cells by diffusion
e. Diffusion does not require the expenditure of ___________
Diffusion Animation
2. ______________________
occurs because of specialized _______________________
_________ certain materials go across the membrane
works in the direction of the concentration gradient
ex: glucose from the blood into the cell.
Facilitated diffusion animation
3. __________________
- ___________________ across a selectively
permeable membrane from a region of high
water concentration to a region of low water
concentration
- concentration of water = amount of water for a
given volume - depends on concentration of
substances in the water
- more things dissolved in the water the less
water there is.
a. Effects of Osmosis
• __________________
same concentration of dissolved
substances as the cell
no gain or loss of water.
• ___________________
lower concentration of substances
than the cell
causes water to flow into the cell
can even cause it to burst
• ____________________
higher concentration of substances
than the cell
cause water to leave the cell
the cell shrivels up
plasmolysis = shrinking of the cell.
Osmosis animation
4. _______________ Active transport animation
Phagocytosis animation
a. __________________
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all
examples of passive transport
movement of materials across the cell membrane without
the expenditure of energy.
b. ________________
movement of materials across the cell membrane with
the ___________________ (ATP)
make it possible to go ______ the concentration gradient
________ concentration  ________ concentration
endocytosis = transport of materials into the cell by a
vacuole.
pinocytosis = small amounts of liquid taken in
________________ = small particles taken in
________________ = movement of materials out of
the cell by use of a vacuole.