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Conditioning Ivan Pavlov • Russian scientist – he wanted to learn about the relationship between digestion and the nervous system • Accidentally discovered the principles of Classical Conditioning • Stimulus – something that produces a reaction or response. • Unconditioned stimulus • Unconditioned response • Neutral stimulus • Conditioned stimulus • Taste Aversion – 1970’s John Garcia discovered that if a negative experience took place with found within several hours of consumption, people would develop an aversion to that food or taste. Little Albert • J.B. Watson used little children • Paired a nice fuzzy white rat with a loud noise to frighten the children • Children became frightened of the rats even without the noise, conditioning had occurred • They became frightened of other fuzzy animals, even stuffed animals – this is called generalization • Sometimes the child would respond differently to a dog than the mouse – this is called discrimination • Extinction – when a Conditioned Stimulus no longer brings about a Conditioned Response (bell without food) • Spontaneous Recovery – after extinction has occurred, CS is done again and it brings about the CR (often happens with music) Applications of the Extinction Principle • Flooding • Systematic Desensitization • http://understandingshyness.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/systematic-desensitization-therapy/ Other Conditioning treatments • Counter-conditioning – 1924 Mary Jones – You can counter-condition fears by pleasant stimuli • Bell and Pad Method Operant Conditioning • The idea that people (or animals) learn to do and not to do things by the result that they get. B.F. Skinner • Reinforcement – Primary Reinforcers – Secondary Reinforcers – Skinner Box Reinforcers • Primary Reinforcers – Due to biological makeup of organism – food, warmth, water • Secondary Reinforcers – must be learned – money, social approval – sometimes functions through long lines of association (i.e. grades) Types of Reinforcement • Positive reinforcement – desires to increase the frequency of a behavior – Food, fun activities, social approval – Disadvantages: only works if the reinforcer is desired • Negative Reinforcement – also desires to increase the frequency of a behavior – behavior reinforced because something unwanted stops happening (i.e. your tired, you go to bed) – Disadvantage: just like positive reinforcement • Rewards – fairly interchangeable with Positive Reinforcement • Punishment – seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior – behavior decreases or stops upon the application of punishment Disadvantages of Punishment • Does not necessarily teach acceptable behavior. • only works when guaranteed • severe punishments may cause a person to simply leave the situation • Context must always be apparent • sometimes is accompanied by unseen benefits that make the behavior increase rather than decrease On the other hand… • “Spare the rod and spoil the child” Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous reinforcement – rein. applied every time behavior occurs – quickest way to reinforce but if reinforcement stops behavior quickly stops as well • Partial reinforcement – Interval Schedules – Ratio Schedules Interval Schedules • Has to do with time • Fixed – reinforcement available only after a fixed amount of time has passed • Variable – reinforcement available only after time has passed but time is variable Ratio Schedules • Has to do with number of time behavior occurs in relation to reinforcement • Continuous – 1:1 • Fixed – x:1 x is constant • Variable – x:1, x is variable