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LEARNING GOALS - PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Main Idea: 3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. The sequence of RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. o o o o mRNA carries information from the DNA to the ribosome. tRNA molecules bind specific amino acids and allow information in the mRNA to be translated to a linear peptide sequence. rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes. The role of RNAi includes regulation of gene expression at the level of mRNA transcription b. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. 1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3’ to 5’ direction and synthesizes complementary mRNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide. 2. In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzymeregulated modifications. Examples include o Addition of a poly-A tail o Addition of a GTP cap o Excision of introns 3. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome. o The mRNA interacts with the rRNA of the ribosome to initiate translation at the (start) codon. o The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called codons. o Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart. Many amino acids have more than one codon. Memorization of the genetic code is beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam. o tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNA. o The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain. o The process continues along the mRNA until a “stop” codon is reached. o The process terminates by release of the newly synthesized peptide/protein. o KEY TERMS: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, transcription, uracil, polymerase, introns, exons, condon, anticodon, ribosome, translation, polypeptide, protein, initiation, elongation, termination, mutation, insertion, deletion, transposon, McClintock