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Bell Work • Quick Write (3 lines): How do codes work? • Rules for Quick Write: 1. I write all my ideas and questions. 2. All my answers are okay 3. I write the minimum number of lines. 4. I skip lines 5. This is my best effort http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm DNA http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif DNA is a DOUBLE HELIX http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin X-ray experiments by Rosalind Franklin led James Watson and Francis Crick to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 Figure 12–7 Structure of DNA Section 12-1 Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) NUCLEIC ACIDS are built from subunits called ____________________ NUCLEOTIDES Image by: Riedell SUGAR in DNA is deoxyribose ________________ NITROGEN BASES in DNA _____________= ADENINE A _____________ GUANINE = G _____________ CYTOSINE = C ______________ THYMINE = T No URACIL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DOUBLE ______________ STRANDED Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg Backbone (sides of ladder) made of PHOSPHATES _____________ and sugars _____________ Nitrogen bases =“Steps of ladder” A Phosphate group G Deoxyribose sugar C T Purines (2 rings) Pyrimidines (1 ring) © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved CHARGAFF’S RULES A = T G = C _________ _________ At time no one knew why… now we know its because Adenine always bonds THYMINE across with____________ Guanine always bonds CYTOSINE across with ____________ Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif DOUBLE HELIX Hydrogen _____________ bonds between nitrogen bases hold the two strands together. Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif Bell Work • What is Chargaff’s rule? – Number of Adenine (A) = Thymine (T) – Number of Cytosine ( C) = Guanine (G) • Label the following: Nitrogen Base Sugar & Phosphate Backbone Hydrogen Bonds Bell Work • What are purines? What are the two DNA bases of purines? – Purines have 2 rings – Adenine (A) & Guanine (G) are purines • What are pyrimidines? What are the two DNA bases that are pyrimidines? – Pyrimidines have 1 ring – Thymine (T) & Cytosine (C) are pyrimidines Bell Work • Explain the structure of DNA using the following words: • Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Hydrogen bonds, double helix, phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugar, base pairing • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. REMEMBER: Rules for Quick Write: I write all my ideas and questions. All my answers are okay I write the minimum number of lines. I skip lines This is my best effort CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION Chromosome Structure of Eukaryotes © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Chromosome Nucleosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils DNA is: multiple ______________ in chromosome bundles ______________ Found in __________ nucleus Histones © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Chromosome Structure of Eukaryotes Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones Nucleosomes pack together to form thick coiled fibers. When cell is NOT dividing, these fibers are spread out in nucleus as CHROMATIN (Allows reading of code) ___________. Chromosome Structure of Eukaryotes © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Chromosome Nucleosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils When cell gets ready to divide, the fibers pack even more tightly to form chromosomes ___________.(Makes it easier to move DNA during mitosis) Histones Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif HOW IS DNA COPIED? Each strand has all the info needed to construct matching the __________other half. If strands are separated, base-pairing _____________ rules allow you to fill in the complementary bases. Each strand acts as a template for the other. Figure 12–11 DNA Replication DNA is copied using a process called: REPLICATION Section 12-2 New strand Original strand DNA polymerase Growth DNA polymerase Growth Replication fork Replication fork New strand Original strand Nitrogenous bases Sites where strand separation and replication forks replication occur are called _____________ Bell Work A T C G T A C G G C A T G C FILL IN THE MATCHING/MISSING DNA BASE PAIRS Bell Work • What does DNA stand for? – DeoxyriboNucleic Acid! • How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA? –4 • What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA? – Adenine = Thymine – Guanine = Cytosine Bell Work • What does it mean to transcribe something? – To write a copy of it • In transcription, DNA is transcribed to produce a molecule of RNA. • What does it mean to translate something? – To express something in another language • Message encoded by RNA is translated into a protein during the process of translation. RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DNA MASTER PLAN *stay safe in nucleus for Replication (DNADNA) TRANSCRIPTION (DNA→ RNA) *takes place in nucleus TRANSLATION (RNA→ proteins) *takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm 3 KINDS OF RNA HELP WITH INFO TRANSFER FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) _________________ carries code from DNA to ribosomes RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) _________________ Combines with proteins to form ribosomes TRANSFER _________________RNA (tRNA) Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif RNA- the Other Nucleic Acid NUCLEOTIDES Also made of ___________ RIBOSE instead Sugar is _______ of deoxyribose. SINGLE stranded RNA is _________ URACIL Contains _________ instead of thymine. http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS? Message is read in groups of 3 = _________ CODON UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU Serine - Histidine - Glycine Codons represent different amino acids Section 12-3 64 possible codons Some amino acids have more than one codon. AUG START= _______ STOP 3 codons for _____ ANTICODON ___________ on tRNA EACH tRNA carries only one kind of amino acid _____________ matches up with CODON ________ on mRNA Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Figure 12–18 Translation Section 12-3 Figure 12–18 Translation (continued) Section 12-3 Steps to Creating a Protein…. DNA 1._________unzips Transcription 2.____________occurs DNA mRNA - ________makes ______ Translation 3.____________occurs mRNA protein - _______makes a _______ REMEMBER: A PROTEIN IS A CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDS! Bell Work • What are the correct steps for protein synthesis? 1. DNA Unzips 2. Transcription occurs 3. Translation occurs • What is the name of the sugar in RNA? – Ribose MUTATIONS Bell Work • What are the 3 main ways DNA can become mutated? 1. Mistakes made when copying your DNA 2. Exposure to radiation 3. Chemicals in the environment REMEMBER! _______________ MUTATIONS are changes in the genetic material. Mutations can happen when cells make mistakes _____________ in copying their own DNA radiation or be caused by _______________ or chemicals in the enviroment. ___________ KINDS OF MUTATIONS Mutations that produce changes in a single GENE MUTATIONS gene = ______________________ Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS _____________________ Bell Work • How is DNA structured? – – – – Double helix Deoxyribose sugar Sugar & Phosphate backbone Nitrogen Bases • Adenine = A bonds with Thymine = T • Guanine = G bonds with Cytosine = C – Double stranded • How is RNA structured? – – – – Single stranded Ribose sugar Sugar & Phosphate backbone Nitrogen Bases • Adenine = A bonds with Uracil = U • Guanine = G bonds with Cytosine = C