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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Protein synthesis objectives • Compare structure of DNA and RNA • Summarize processes of transcription and translation • Relate the role of codons to the sequence of amino acids that result after translation • Discuss the evolutionary significance of the genetic code • Evaluate 3 ways the point mutations can alter genetic material 1 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 What is a gene? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ protein synthesis http://brookscole.cengage.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/ shared_resources/animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression How DNA Makes Proteins DNA = chain of nucleotides Transcription RNA = chain of nucleotides Translation PROTEIN = chain of amino acids 2 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 • Compare and contrast structure of DNA and RNA DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Double stranded • Deoxyribose sugar • Bases: C,G A,T RNA Ribonucleic Acid • Single stranded • Ribose sugar • Bases: C,G,A,U • Uracil replaces Thymine • 3 types Similarities * Both contain a sugar, phosphate and a base. ? e nc re fe dif e th 's t ha W Ribose has one more oxygen in its structure 3 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Protein Synthesis Objective: I can summarize the processes of transcription and translation. * locations * enzymes * products 4 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 A protein is a long chain of amino acids. How is it made? 2 STEPS of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. Transcription: transfer protein instructions from DNA (gene) to RNA * occurs in nucleus 2. Translation: RNA code is used to make protein RNA bonds amino acids together in a long chain. Chain folds to become a protein * occurs in cytoplasm on ribosomes RNA DNA Tr Protein Tr an an s sc lat rip tio io n n Gene Expression (A.K.A .protein synthesis) Information Transfer Location Transcription Translation . 5 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Where Does it Happen? cytoplasm 6 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 ObJ: Summarize processes of transcription and translation Transcription: Making RNA p.209 RNA Polymerase binds to promoter site (start signal) and unwinds DNA • Reads DNA and adds appropriate nucleotides, stringing together the chain of RNA nucleotides (called mRNA=messenger RNA) until it reaches the stop codon. • mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pore Practice: TAC ATA CCC TGA CGA GCG TTA Look Familiar? Transcription is a lot like DNA Replication, but RNA is the end product here http://www.wisconline.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1302 DNA Replication: DN DN A CGA TAT CGG TGA GAC GTG A Protein SynthesisTranscription A DN CGA TAT CGG TGA GAC GTG NA R Gene Expression Transcription worksheet (POGIL): monomer "mon" polymer "poly" DNA strands are "directional" (only copy in one direction) 5' to 3' strandused in making RNA 3' to 5' strandnot used for making RNA 7 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 mRNA = messenger RNA mRNA gives instructions for amino acids in groups of three nucleotides called codons. Codons Amino Acids UUA Leucine GCA AGU Alanine Serine The genetic code: table that shows amino acids (and start and stop codons) that are coded for by each of the possible 64 mRNA codons 8 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Translation: mRNA to Proteins Types of RNA: mRNAmessenger RNAcarries the code like a messenger tRNA transfer RNAtransfers amino acids(has anticodon) rRNA ribosomal RNAmakes up ribosome tRNA • Bound to one amino acid on one end • Anticodon on the other end complements mRNA codon Translation Process 1. mRNA binds to a ribosome (rRNA) 2. The mRNA codon connects with the tRNA's anticodon. This anticodon has a specific amino acid attached. 3. Peptide bonds form between amino acids, making a long chain called a ...PROTEIN 9 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Steps of Translation p.212 Figure 5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo 10 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Mutation: a change in DNA Genetic material can be altered in two ways Recombination Change in the positioning of the genetic material Mutation Change in the content of the genetic material Bithorax Mutant * Mutation and recombination provide the raw material for evolution 11 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Point mutations: Alteration of bases called a Base Substitution Frameshift mutations: Insertions or deletions that throw off the reading frame 12 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Mutation, Smoking and Lung Cancer Agents that cause cancer are called carcinogens These are typically mutagens Tars and other chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause cancer of the lung The hypothesis that chemicals cause cancer was first introduced in the 18th century! Many investigations since then have determined that chemicals can cause cancer in both animals and humans. 13 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 Biology Review for Protein Synthesis Quiz 1. Define transcription (what is happening, what is the product)? 2. Define transcription (what is happening, what is the product)? 3. Where does each process take place in the cell? 4. What are the differences of DNA and RNA? (3) 5. What are the three types of RNA and what do they do? 6. Which enzyme binds to the promoter site to unwind DNA where nucleotides are attached and adds free nucleotides to make mRNA? 7. What do we call the 3 nucleotide sequence on the mRNA strand? 8. What do we call the 3 nucleotide sequence on the tRNA strand? 9. Give the code for the new mRNA strand.(use codon chart for amino acids) DNA strand: CTA TCG GAA New mRNA strand: _____________ amino acid: _______________ 10. Draw a diagram of tRNA. Label it. 14 Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook February 05, 2016 15