Download Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook

Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Protein synthesis
objectives
• Compare structure of DNA and RNA
• Summarize processes of transcription and translation
• Relate the role of codons to the sequence of amino acids that result after translation
• Discuss the evolutionary significance of the genetic code
• Evaluate 3 ways the point mutations can alter genetic material
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
What is a gene?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ
protein synthesis
http://brookscole.cengage.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/
shared_resources/animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html
Protein Synthesis/Gene Expression
How DNA Makes Proteins
DNA
= chain of nucleotides Transcription
RNA
= chain of nucleotides Translation
PROTEIN
= chain of amino acids 2
Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
• Compare and contrast structure of DNA and RNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Double stranded
• Deoxyribose sugar • Bases: C,G A,T
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
• Single stranded
• Ribose sugar
• Bases: C,G,A,U
• Uracil replaces Thymine
• 3 types
Similarities
* Both contain a sugar, phosphate and a base. ?
e
nc
re
fe
dif
e th
's t
ha
W
Ribose has one more oxygen in its
structure
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Protein Synthesis Objective: I can summarize the processes of transcription and translation. * locations
* enzymes
* products
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
A protein is a long chain of amino acids. How is it made? 2 STEPS of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. Transcription: transfer protein instructions from DNA (gene) to RNA
* occurs in nucleus
2. Translation: RNA code is used to make protein
­RNA bonds amino acids together in a long chain. ­Chain folds to become a protein
* occurs in cytoplasm on ribosomes
RNA DNA Tr
Protein
Tr
an
an
s
sc
lat
rip
tio
io
n
n
Gene Expression (A.K.A .protein synthesis)
Information
Transfer
Location
Transcription
Translation
.
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Where Does it Happen?
cytoplasm
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
ObJ: Summarize processes of transcription and translation
Transcription: Making RNA p.209
RNA Polymerase binds to promoter site (start signal) and unwinds DNA • Reads DNA and adds appropriate nucleotides, stringing together the chain of RNA nucleotides (called mRNA=messenger RNA) until it reaches the stop codon.
• mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pore
Practice:
TAC ATA CCC TGA CGA GCG TTA
Look Familiar? Transcription is a lot like DNA Replication, but RNA is the end product here
http://www.wisc­online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1302
DNA Replication:
DN
DN
A
CGA TAT CGG TGA GAC GTG A
Protein Synthesis­Transcription
A
DN
CGA TAT CGG TGA GAC GTG NA
R
Gene Expression­ Transcription worksheet (POGIL):
monomer
"mon"
polymer
"poly"
DNA strands are "directional" (only copy in one direction)
5' to 3' strand­­used in making RNA 3' to 5' strand­­not used for making RNA
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
mRNA = messenger RNA
mRNA gives instructions for amino acids in groups of three nucleotides called codons. Codons
Amino Acids
UUA
Leucine
GCA AGU
Alanine
Serine
The genetic code: table that shows amino acids (and start and stop codons) that are coded for by each of the possible 64 mRNA codons
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Translation: mRNA to Proteins
Types of RNA:
mRNA­messenger RNA­­carries the code like a messenger
tRNA ­transfer RNA­­transfers amino acids(has anti­codon)
rRNA ­ribosomal RNA­­makes up ribosome
tRNA
• Bound to one amino acid on one end
• Anticodon on the other end complements mRNA codon
Translation Process
1. mRNA binds to a ribosome (rRNA)
2. The mRNA codon connects with the tRNA's anti­codon. This anti­codon has a specific amino acid attached. 3. Peptide bonds form between amino acids, making a long chain called a ...PROTEIN
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Steps of Translation p.212 Figure 5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Mutation: a change in DNA Genetic material can
be altered in two ways
Recombination
Change in the
positioning of the
genetic material
Mutation
Change in the
content of the
genetic material
Bithorax Mutant
* Mutation and recombination provide the raw material
for evolution
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Point mutations:
Alteration of bases called a Base Substitution
Frame­shift mutations:
Insertions or deletions that throw off the reading frame
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Mutation, Smoking and Lung Cancer
Agents that cause cancer are called carcinogens
These are typically mutagens
Tars and other chemicals in
cigarette smoke can cause cancer of the lung
The hypothesis that chemicals cause cancer was
first introduced in the 18th century!
Many investigations since then have determined
that chemicals can cause cancer in both animals
and humans.
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Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
Biology Review for Protein Synthesis Quiz
1. Define transcription (what is happening, what is the product)? 2. Define transcription (what is happening, what is the product)? 3. Where does each process take place in the cell? 4. What are the differences of DNA and RNA? (3)
5. What are the three types of RNA and what do they do?
6. Which enzyme binds to the promoter site to unwind DNA where nucleotides are attached and adds free nucleotides to make mRNA?
7. What do we call the 3 nucleotide sequence on the mRNA strand? 8. What do we call the 3 nucleotide sequence on the tRNA strand? 9. Give the code for the new mRNA strand.(use codon chart for amino acids)
DNA strand: CTA TCG GAA
New mRNA strand: _____________
amino acid:
_______________
10. Draw a diagram of tRNA. Label it. 14
Protein synthesis 2015 TranscritpionTranslation.notebook
February 05, 2016
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