Download 8-Animal and Plant Cells lesson 8 in pdf

Animal and Plant Cells
Lesson 8
Let’s Review!
∗ All living things are made of what?
∗ A-Cells
!
∗ How many organ systems is the human body made of?
∗ A-Eleven. Now, name them.
!
∗ What organ system is responsible for breaking down
food and disposing of waste?
∗ A-Digestive
Cells
∗ All living things are made of cells.
∗ Plant and animal cells contain many structures
which do different jobs inside the cells.
∗ Plant and animal have many structures in common.
However, plant cells contain some structures that
animal cells do not contain.
!
∗ In this lesson, you will learn about the various
parts that make up plant and animal cells.
∗ You will have to label and identify the functions of
the organelles.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
1) Prokaryotic
2) Eukaryotic
The Two Types of Cells
∗ All living things fit into one of two
categories based on their cell structures.
!
∗ #1-Prokaryote
∗ A prokaryote is made up of one or
more cells that do not contain a
nucleus. Prokaryotes are generally
tiny, single-celled organisms.
Prokaryotic
!
∗ Do not have structures
surrounded by membranes
∗ Few internal structures
∗ They are usually single-celled
organisms (unicellular), such
as bacteria
∗ They are the smallest cells in
the world.
∗ The DNA is long and circular
shaped like a rubber band.
∗ We will not dwell on these.
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Type #2-Eukaryotes
∗ Eukaryotes do contain a nucleus.
∗ Both plant and animal cells are
eukaryotes.
∗ They are ten times larger than
prokaryotic cells.
∗ The DNA is linear and is in the nucleus.
∗ Most eukaryotes are made up of many
cells that work together.
∗ You have these cells in your body.
Eukaryotic
!
∗ Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
∗ Most living organisms are eukaryotic.
Plant
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
Animal
Cell Structures
∗ Again, plant and animal cells have
many of the same structures, or
contents.
∗ Plant cells have parts that animal
cells do not have.
∗ The cell parts that carry out a specific
job are called organelles.
∗ Let’s look at both plant and animal
cells and their parts.
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Organelles Surrounding
the Cell
Cell Membrane
∗ The outer membrane
∗ It is a thin covering.
∗ Flexible
!
Job:
* Controls movement of materials
into and out of the cell
* SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
!
--> Double layer (heads & tails)
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
∗ Most commonly found in plant
cells & bacteria
∗ Stiff, more rigid than cell
membrane
∗ Not found in animal cells
∗ Made of a strong fiber called
cellulose. The cells of plants, algae,
fungi, and most bacteria are enclosed in
a cell wall.
∗ Cell walls are tough, rigid outer
coverings that protect cells and give
them shape.
∗ Job:
∗ Supports & protects plant cell
∗ Gives the plant cell its rigid,
boxlike shape
∗ Allows material in & out
Organelles Inside the Cell
Nucleus
Job:
∗ A large structure inside the cell that contains the cell’s
genetic material.
∗ Directs/manages cell activities
∗ The “brain” of the cell-contains the DNA
Nuclear Membrane
∗ Surrounds nucleus
∗ Has nuclear pores openings that allow
material to enter and leave
nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
∗ Inside the nucleus
∗ Made of DNA
∗ Contain instructions
for traits and
characteristics
∗ Involved in mitosis and
meiosis
!
★ Humans have 23 pair
= 46 total
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
∗ Clear gel-like fluid that fills
the organelles
∗ All cells contain cytoplasm.
∗ A variety of structures are
located in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
∗ A system of folded membranes
that serve as passageways in a
cell.
∗ Moves materials around in cell
through the ER to other areas.
∗ Series of tubular passageways
∗ The ER also makes proteins,
fats, and other materials
∗ Breaks down drugs and other
substances
∗ Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
∗ Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
∗ Each cell contains
thousands
∗ They are the smallest
organelles
∗ Tiny grain-like structures
∗ “Protein factories” - site
of protein manufacturing
∗ They hook together
amino acids to make
proteins.
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
∗ For materials to move around the
cell, energy must be made.
∗ The mitochondria produces
energy through chemical
reactions – breaking down fats
and carbohydrates and releases
energy.
∗ The “powerhouse” of the cell;
the energy produced is used to
power all the organelles. This
process is called cellular
respiration.
∗ The energy of the cell is called
ATP.
The Golgi Complex
∗ When proteins are made in
the ER, they then go to the
Golgi apparatus.
∗ It is known as the protein
“packaging plant”-it
attaches proteins from the
ribosomes to sugars,
starches, and fats.
∗ It modifies and sends
proteins to other parts of
the cell or out of the cell
to go somewhere else
Lysosome
∗ All cells produce wastes.
∗ The lysosome is the digestive organelle for proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates
∗ The lysosomes contain substances called enzymes, which
break down wastes.
∗ Breaks down wastes and unwanted or “broken” cell
material or large materials
∗ The “garbage disposal” of the cell
∗ The lysosome’s membrane prevents the digestive
chemicals inside from leaking into the cytoplasm and
destroying the cell.
∗ When a cell dies, the lysosome’s membrane
disintegrates, releasing digestive chemicals that allow
the quick breakdown of the cell’s contents.
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
∗ Used for storage
∗ They store water, salts,
proteins, and
carbohydrates that the
cells need.
∗ Helps plant cells maintain
shape
∗ Animal cells have several
small vacuoles.
∗ They are MUCH larger in
plants cells.
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast
∗ Chloroplasts are
organelles only in plant
cells that capture light
energy from the sun.
∗ Contains chlorophyll a green substance that
absorbs light and gives
plants their green color
∗ They make food for
plants; photosynthesis
takes place here.
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cells!
∗ Cells are the building blocks of life.
∗ The cell was discovered by Hooke.
∗ In 1665, Robert Hooke cut a thin slice of cork
and looked at it under his microscope.
∗ To Hooke, the cork seemed to be made up of
empty little boxes, which he named cells.
∗ The word cell in Latin means “little rooms”.
∗ The cell theory states that
∗ 1) Cells are the smallest units of life 2) All living organisms are made up of cells 3) All cells come from preexisting cells ∗ All cells must constantly take in nutrients, store,
produce, and breakdown substances, and take in
and use energy.
If the parts of a cell could talk…
∗ Who would say…
I have a way with amino acids!
!
I’m the garbage man!
!
You can find everything in me!
!
I’m the “brain” of the cell.
!
I have all the “power” you’ll need.
!
I’m found all “around” a plant cell.
1. RIBOSOME
2. LYSOSOME
3. CYTOPLASM
4. NUCLEUS
5. MITOCHONDRIA
6. CELL WALL
I have a way with amino acids!
!
I’m the garbage man!
!
You can find everything in me!
!
I’m the “brain” of the cell.
!
I have all the “power” you’ll need.
!
I’m found all “around” a plant cell.
What about these?
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
I’m needed for food.
!
I’m the outside of an animal cell.
!
You name it – I can store it!
!
I make ribosomes.
!
I work with the ER.
!
I’m full of genetic information.
1. CHLOROPLAST
2. CELL MEMBRANE
3. VACUOLE
4. NUCLEOLUS
5. GOLGI BODY
6. Genes/Chromosomes
I’m needed for food.
!
I’m the outside of an animal cell.
!
You name it – I can store it!
!
I make ribosomes.
!
I work with the ER.
!
I’m full of genetic information.
A Lab-What if our school were a
cell?
∗ Our school is like a cell in several ways.
∗ We have a waste system, a powerhouse, a central
command, etc.
∗ Your job in this lab is to label the parts of our school as
if it were a cell.
∗ Using construction paper-cut the sheets in half.
∗ You will write the parts of a cell and label the parts of
our school that correspond to those parts.
∗ The cell part and the reason why you chose that part go
on the front. The part of our school goes on the back.
∗ Do not enter any classrooms or the office. You also may
not leave the building.
∗ Here are the parts-cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus,
chloroplasts, vacuole, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
mitochondria, and lysosomes.
Cell Review #1
∗ MULTIPLE CHOICE
∗ Rough endoplasmic reticulum has _____attached to
it.
∗ A. Ribosomes
∗ B. Golgi bodies
∗ C. Chloroplasts
∗ D. Lysosomes
∗A
#2
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
A group of cells that work together to do one job is called…
A. Organ system
B. One celled organism
C. Tissue
D. Organ
C
!
∗ https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=rABKB5aS2Zg&safe=active