Download biology 1 - Saddleback College

SADDLEBACK COLLEGE
BIOLOGY 1B
EXAMINATION 2 STUDY GUIDE
The exam will consist of multiple choice, true-false, “fill-in”, and a few short answers.
Please bring a pencil and a good eraser
Review you lecture notes in detail. Highlight new terms & concepts. Use the text to complete and correct your notes.
Don’t forget to use your text glossary & index to help define terms and find subjects. This exam will focus on lecture on
sex-linked characteristics, genetic disorders, DNA Replication, DNA technology, Protein Synthesis, and Photosynthesis.
•
Sex Chromosomes Stuff (Chapter 15): There won’t be that many questions from this section (5 – 10)
• People to know: Morgan, Lyon
• Syndromes: Down’s, Jacob’s, Klinefleter, Pateau, Edward’s, Turner’s
• Diagnostics for embryonic abnormalities:amniocentesis, chorionic villi sampling, ultrasound, fetoscopy
• Lyon hypothesis and X-inactivation
•
DNA replication - where, when & why does it occur (Chapter 16)
• Be prepared to draw, label & explain a diagram of the replication fork (Figure 16.16)
• structure of DNA - nitrogenous bases, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group
• types of bonds involved
• Chargoff’s rule - base pairing of the nitrogenous bases (A = T and C ≡ G)
• enzymes involved in DNA replication (helicase, single-strand binding protein, DNA polyerase, topisomerase,
primase, DNA ligase) and their respective roles
• know chromosome organization: chromatin, histone proteins, nucleosome, heterochromatin, euchromatin, loop
domains
• priming, 5’ --> 3’ direction
• origins of replication, replication bubbles (why do eukaryotes have many whereas prokaryotes only have one?),
replication fork, parent strand, leading strand, lagging strand (Okazaki’s fragments) - what joins the fragments
together
• proofreading, DNA repair, repair enzymes and excision repair, nucleases (endo vs. exo), know the types of DNA
damage
•
Protein synthesis - where, when & why does it occur? (Chapter 17)
• Be prepared to draw, label & explain a diagram of transcription, RNA processing & translation (Figure 17.25)
• define triplet, codon, anticodon - how are they formed and how they function
• explain all the steps of protein synthesis, including transcriptional and translational steps
• Transcription - where does it occur and what is involved
• initiation site, TATA box, promoter region, termination site
• RNA polymerase I, II & III (what are their roles)
• pre-mRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, cRNA
• RNA processing, RNA splicing -- what are introns and exons; 5’ cap, poly-A tail, spliceosomes, snRNA, snRNP
• What’s the significance of introns and exons
• Translation- where does it occur and what is involved
• tRNA, anticodon, triplet, amino acid attachment site, amino acids, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
• what’s inosine? the wobble hypothesis? Where does it occur? What can happen when it occurs
• mRNA role - binding site: How are the E, P & A sites used?
• What is the role of ribosomes? Polyribosomes? Composition of rRNA = (60%) and protein (40%)
• What are ribozymes? How do they work? What is the significance of having DNA as opposed to RNA as the
genetic material?
• Mutations: point (substitution) and frameshift (insertions & deletions). Know which type of mutation is more
detrimental to the organism and why? Are all mutations bad? What’s the raw material for natural selection?
• Know difference between transposons and retrotransposons.
•
Control of Gene Expression (Chapter 18 pp. 345 – 350)
• Transposons, retrotransposons and insertion sequences, transposase
• Operons: operator, repressor, regulatory gene, corepressor and how these operons work
• Lac operon (Lac Z, Lac Y & Lac A genes) Lac I repressor, Lac ZYA transcriptional unit (Figure 18.21)
• Trp operon (five genes involved) -> for biosynthesis of tryptophan (Figure 18.20)
•
Understand how these two operons are turn “on” and “off”
•
DNA technology (Chapter 20)
• What is recombinant technology and its importance to humans and agriculture?
• Know how genes are produced (copied) in mass quantities (plasmids of bacteria).
• Know the difference between PCR and RFLP
• What are restriction enzymes? Would PCR or RFLP utilize restriction enzymes?
• Northern, Southern & Western blotting – what are they testing for.
• Gene cloning – know how and why it is used.
•
Photosynthesis - where does it take place, reactants, products (Chapter 10)
• Be prepared to diagram, label & explain the light reaction, Calvin cycle, C3, C4 & CAM
• Light reaction - where does it take place, reactants, products (ATP, NADPH, and O2)
• What is photophosphylation? Know how plants produce O2.
• Know the two photosystems: components and the energy that they generate
• Difference between cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow: NADP+ reductase
• Chemiosmosis and ATP production – how is this similar to ATP production in the mitochondria
• Know the wavelengths of light which the chlorophyll-a and chl-b absorb best at
• Know the difference between the absorption spectrum and the action spectrum
• Know which pigments reflect or absorb which wavelengths of visible light
• Calvin cycle - where does it take place, reactants, products (sugar) and the possible fates of these products
• Requirements for the Calvin cycle
• Why is the Calvin cycle referred to as light independent?
• Know the numbers of ATP and NADPH utilized by the Calvin cycle
• What is photorespiration? Know how plants cope with this (i.e. difference between C3, C4 & CAM plants)
• Where would you find C4 and CAM plants? Know how C4 and CAM plants undergo the Calvin cycle.
• Molecules to know: PEP, PEP carboxylase, oxaloacetate, malate, pyruvate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
• What is the greenhouse effect? Know the role of CO2 and plants in relation to the greenhouse effect.
• What is the function of the ozone?