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MUTATIONS Mutations Defined: A change in an organism’s DNA. • Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially during replication. • 2 Types: • 1) Gene Mutations: – A point mutation, substitutes one nucleotide for another. mutated base Gene: Point Mutations DNA mRNA Amino acids • May lead to amino acid change – See animation • May not lead to any change (Silent Mutation) – Ex: DNA “CCC” is mutated into “CCG” » Same amino acid is created (glycine) Gene Mutations Continued… – A frameshift mutation (another type of gene mutation) inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence. • Entire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shifted (see animations) • Much more serious to the structure/function of the final protein – mRNA sequence may have early or late “stop codons” Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (deletion) DNA mRNA Amino acids Gene: Frame Shift Mutation (insertion) DNA mRNA Amino acids What type of mutation would this be? • Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat. What about this one? • Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Mutation: The fat caa tet hew eer at. Which has a much large effect on the end result? Point or frameshift mutation? Frameshift Mutation 2) Chromosomal Mutations • Affect many genes. • Chromosomal mutations may occur during crossing over – Gene duplication results from unequal crossing over. - Translocation results from the exchange of DNA segments between nonhomologous chromosomes. Mutations May or May Not Affect Phenotype • Some gene mutations • Some gene mutations do change phenotype. not affect phenotype. – May cause a premature – May be silent. stop codon. – May occur in a noncoding – Can change protein region. structure. – May not affect protein – May cause gene structure. regulation. blockage no blockage Ex: Cysitc Fibrosis (mutation causes excess mucus build up in airways) Impact on Offspring • Somatic cell mutations • Germ cell mutations – Affect only the individual – May be passed to future generations (either – Not passed on to future harmful or beneficial) generations – Ex: Sperm cell mutation – Ex: Muscle cell mutation – In nature, these are often removed from a population (natural selection)- as these don’t usually survive. Causes of Mutations • Replication errors can cause mutations. • Mutagens, such as UV ray and chemicals, can cause mutations. • Some cancer drugs use mutagenic properties to kill cancer cells.