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IB BIOLOGY………………..STUDY GUIDE
ALTERING THE GENETIC MESSAGE
TERMS TO KNOW:
Transposition - movement of a gene from one place in the genome to another.
Mutagen — agent that can cause a mutation
Slipped mispairing - misalignment of homologues during synapsis of meiosis can cause
“loops” of DNA to be excised
Frameshift mutation - shift in the three base pairings during transcription of mRNA can
cause new codons
Polyploidy — extra set of chromosomes given to a gamete
Metastesis — the process of cancer cells breaking away from tumors and traveling
Metasteses — the cancer cells that travel.
Oncogene — genes that can mutate and alter the cell cycle to cause cancer.
Carcinogen — cancer causing mutogenic agent.
DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING:
MUTATIONS:
Discuss how “point mutations” and “transposition” can cause mutations:
Discuss how the following mutogens work:
Ionizing radiation -
Ultraviolet radiation -
Chemical mutogens -
Discuss how “slipped mispairings” can cause mutations:
Discuss the differences between germline cell mutations and somatic cell mutations:
Define “inversion” -
Explain how inversion can lead to “excision” of parts of a chromosome during synapsis.
You may want to use a diagram:
Explain how crossing over of inverted chromosomes can endanger the viability of
gametes. You may want to use a diagram:
CANCER (refer to ch. 19):
Discuss cancer and tumors:
Define the following types of cancers:
Sarcoma -
Carcinoma -
Lymphoma -
Discuss the action of “tumor suppressor” genes:
Discuss mutations and cancer:
GENE TRANSFER:
Discuss the following three types of genetic recombination:
1. Frame shift mutation (insertion & deletion):
2. Translocation:
3. Point mutation:
Discuss how the following allow gene transfer:
Plasmids -
Conjugation -
Transposition Discuss “gene mobilization”:
How can crossing over cause gene transfer:
How can gene transfer occur during synapsis:
Discuss “unequal” crossing over:
EVOLUTION OF THE CHROMOSOME:
Describe the following types of chromosomal DNA:
Satelite DNA -
Transposons -
Tandem clusters -
Multigene families -
Dispersed pseudogenes -
Single copy genes -