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Bellringer 10.29.12 1. Three consecutive bases in mRNA are known as what? 2. Three consecutive bases in tRNA are known as what? 3. How many codons are there? 4. How many amino acids? Get your last sheet of notes from the cart! Cut it in half and share with a neighbor! Mutations in DNA Mutations • What is a mutation? • Any change in a DNA sequence • What is a mutagen? – External things that can change DNA • What 4 things can cause a mutation? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mistakes in DNA replication radiation chemicals high temperatures Types of Mutations –Point Mutations or Substitutions: bases are mismatched Correct DNA GAG CTC Point mutation GCG CTC Correct mRNA Correct AA CUC mutated mRNA CGC Leucine Wrong AA Arginine A should pair with T, but instead G is mismatched to T Mutations • Example: Sickle Cell Anemia • http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mutations_06 Mutations • Frame-shift Mutation: when bases are added or removed, all of the CODONS that follow the mutation will be altered. Example THE DOG SAW THE CAT or THD OGS AWT HEC AT Insertion: one or more new bases are inserted into a gene. Correct DNA: ATA TAT CCG GGC TGA ACT Correct mRNA: UAU GGC ACU Tyrosine Glycine Correct amino acids: Threonine Extra inserted base shifts how we read the codons (3 bases), which changes the amino acids Frameshift mutation in DNA: ATG TAC ACC TGG GTG CAC A T Mutated mRNA: UAC UGG CAC U Wrong amino acids: Tyrosine Tryptophan Histadine Deletion- One or more bases are deleted. Rate of Mutations in Human Gametes • In humans, mutation rates range from about 1 in 100,000 - 1,000,000 gametes. • A mutation in a gamete is inherited by the offspring Results of Mutations • Missense : ANY mutation that changes the codon and makes a different amino acid in the protein • Nonsense : ANY mutation that changes a codon into one of the STOP codons • Silent : ANY mutation that causes no change in the protein and cannot be detected without sequencing the gene Repairs • Proofreading enzymes are able to repair some damages to DNA Effects of Mutations Only 1-2% of people in the world have red hair!!! 1. Harmful—can cause diseases 2. Helpful—can provide protection or a new trait (bacteria can mutate against our antibiotics, helpful for them) 3. Neutral—nothing happens because the same protein is still made Mutations to control genes can transform one body part into another. Scientists have studied flies carrying Hox mutations that sprout legs on their foreheads instead of antennae! Mutations in Humans Sickle Cell Anemia http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolib rary/article/0_0_0/mutations_06 Name Mutations http://www.nature.ca/genome/04/0 413_e.cfm On a separate sheet of paper… • Copy on of the following sequences: – ATC GAT GTC ACC AAT ATG – ATG CGA CTA TGG GAC CCC – TGA GTT TTA CCG GGA AGA Change the sequence to mRNA Change the sequence to tRNA Perform a frame-shift mutation (insertion or deletion) to the original sequence Change the new sequence to mRNA Change the new sequence to tRNA