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Transcript
AP Psychology
Neuroscience Unit
Unit II
Phrenology:
an incorrect
theory about
the head!
Bumps on the skull could
reveal our mental abilities
and character traits
ap
http://www.dnatube.com/video/1298/How-neurons-work
We start at the smallest aspect of
neuroscience:
The nerve cell
*The nerve cell is the key to all communication in the nervous system
*Signals everything to happen, yet they do not touch each other
*Billions of nerve cells
ap
Key Words: Action potential
Polarization vs. Depolarization
Refractory Period
ap
Helpful analogy:
Toilet bowl vs. nerve cell
communication…
Think:
refractory
period
ap
ap
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXqXBnxP_sE
 Basic Neurotransmitters
to know:
Acetylcholine (ACH)…starts muscles, excitatory
transmitter, released during REM also…linked to
learning and memory
Dopamine: helps control muscle movement…opens
pleasure pathways, too much: schizophrenia, linked
to Parkinson’s and ADHD
Endorphins: a group of neurotransmitters that help
relieve pain and give one a sense of wellbeing…natural form of morphine
Serotonin: linked to mood, sleep, hunger and
disorders (e.g. too much=anxiety)….dominance?
ap
ap
ap
Table 2.1
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Chemical interaction in the nervous system
ap
The work of sensory, interneurons and motor neurons
Figure 2.9 A simple reflex
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.ht
ml?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=135598390&
m=136230874
ap
Note opportunity:
Review the process of nerve cell
communication….which part of the cell is
first?
Last?
ap
The organization of the nervous system…
Figure 2.7 The functional divisions of the human
nervous system
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
The
biology
of
“Fight
or
Flight”
ap
Note opportunity:
State in your own words the function of the :
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
ap
GLANDULAR SYSTEM and
COMMUNICATION
The endocrine system
Endocrine System: Very slow, some messages stay longer
a.
HORMONES: Literally means: “to activate” they move through the
bloodstream, they have specific structure or shape for each specific
hormone.
b. GLANDS: Produce hormones
*** EVERYTHING works TOGETHER with the brain ***
All glands and chemicals that are produced that are taken together are
called the endocrine system
c. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: glands and hormones
ap
Figure 2.11 The
endocrine system
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Brain Anatomy
We will start with the most basic in
function, and first in development and end
with the most ‘modern’ part of the brain,
the cortex. This is also the most complex
processing center.
ap
HOW DO WE KNOW THAT WE
KNOW ABOUT THE BRAIN?
•
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Following and recording people with brain disorders and
diseases, helps with figuring out what parts control what.
– A. MANIPULATING THE BRAIN: Purposefully destroying or putting a lesion in
the brain and watching the results [only done in animals]
– B.
RECORDING THE BRAIN’S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY: EEG, or
electroencephalogram tracing the electricity in the brain as it responds to a stimulus
– C. BRAIN IMAGING TECHNIQUES:
• 1.
CT Scan: [computed Tomography] an x=ray of the brain
• 2.
PET Scan: [positron emission Tomography the brain is more active by
showing the intensity of fuel burning [glucose]]
• 3.
MRI Scan: [magnetic resonance imaging] a technique that uses
magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that
distinguish among different types of soft tissue: allows us to see structures in
the brain
ap
EEG
ap
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The PET scan
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Figure 2.15 Brain
reading
Figure 2.14 MRI scan of a healthy individual (left) and a
person with schizophrenia (right)
ap
Myers: Psychology, Eighth
Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Survival functions…
Figure 2.16 The brainstem and thalamus
ap
Figure 2.17 The brain’s
organ of agility
Myers: Psychology, Eighth
Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Next…emotional development and response…more survival
structures too
Figure 2.18 The
limbic system
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Figure 2.19 The amygdale
Myers:
Psychology, Eighth Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Figure 2.20 The hypothalamus
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Figure 2.21 Rat with an implanted electrode
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Figure 2.22 Ratbot on a pleasure cruise
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Figure 2.23 Brain structures and their functions
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Note opportunity: How are the areas of
the cortex and the areas of the
lower/brainstem different?
ap
Why are we smarter?
ap
The cortex, or ‘neocortex’, or cerebral cortex….divisions
for the human brain.
Figure 2.25 The cortex and its basic subdivisions
ap
Myers:
Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Left
More fun stuff
on this later…
ap
Right
The structure
of the cortex is
‘wrinkly’
In addition to
neurons:
Glial cells:
support
nourish and
protect
neurons
ap
ap
Notice anything interesting? Correlation to
function/sensitivity?
Figure 2.26 Left hemisphere tissue devoted to each body part in the motor
cortex and the sensory cortex
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
One of
neuroscience’s
most famous case
studies…damage
to the FAA altered
his personality
and emotional
control
Figure 2.31 Phineas Gage
reconsidered
Myers: Psychology, Eighth
Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc213mMSsjY&feature=related
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122810679
ap
Parietal Lobe
a. Primary somatic sensory
center [sensation]
b. Receives input from
muscles and joint
receptors and skin
receptors, [touch,
texture, pressure,
etc…] pain receptors
[Sensory Strip]
c. The electrical stimulation
is similar to the
primary motor cortex
ap
Occipital Lobe
ap
Figure 2.28 New technology shows the brain in action
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Case studies: (Case Western) and discussion…how
would your speech be impacted if you had a lesion
(destroyed tissue) in either speech area?
*aphasia ?
ap
Figure 2.29 The visual cortex
and auditory cortex
Myers: Psychology, Eighth
Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Association areas, ‘talk’ to other areas of the brain…very
important. One of the human brain’s most important
areas is the Frontal Association Area (which we discussed
with Phineas…
Figure 2.30 Areas of the cortex in four mammals
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Figure 2.32 Specialization and integration in
language
ap
Myers:
Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Figure 2.33 Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and
speaking words
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
An amazing case
study…
Figure 2.34 Brain
plasticity
Myers: Psychology,
Eighth Edition
ap
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Tasks of Your Hemispheres
Left
1. Speech
2. Language
3. Logic
4. Writing
Right
1. Art
2. Music
3. Emotions
4. Creativity
ap
Figure 2.35 The corpus callosum
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
ap
Figure 2.37 Testing the divided brain
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqCduf1P1lQ&feature=related
savant and right
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo&feature=related
Joe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ej6B6X43klk
ap
This is Joe ;)
Figure 2.39 The disappearing southpaws
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
Figure 2.40 The southpaw’s hazardous life
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
ap
ap