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Cells
The Basic Unit of
Life
A cell is the smallest
unit that is capable of
performing life
functions.
Robert Hooke
In 1665, Robert Hooke looked at
a piece of cork under an early
compound microscope. He
noticed that the cork looked like
thousands of tiny chambers,
which he called cells. Cell
means ____________.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek is
known as the Father of the
microscope. He was the first to
notice small organisms in pond
water. He called these
organisms “animalcules.” He
also observed the scrapings
from his teeth.
The Cell Theory

Developed by Three Men:
1. Matthias Schleiden
2. Theodor Schwann
3. Rudolf Virchow
The Cell Theory States:
1.
2.
3.
All organisms are made
up of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit
of organization.
All cells come from
other cells.
Compare and Contrast
these Cells
Cells that do not have
membrane-bound
organelles and are simple
are called
prokaryotic. Bacteria are
prokaryotic cells.
Cells that do have
membrane- bound
organelles and are complex
are called
eukaryotic.
Plant and animal cells are
eukaryotic.
Two Cell Types
CELL ORGANELLES
Organelles are structures
in the cell that do a
specific job. Some
organelles are
membrane-bound.
Cell Membrane
or sometimes called
Plasma Membrane




This is the outer covering of the
cell.
It is very selective. It will let
some things pass in and out of
the cell.
It protects the cell.
If a cell has a cell wall,
the cell membrane
will be inside the cell wall.
Cytoplasm
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Add Under Word Cytoplasm:
Made of Cytosol
This is a gelatin-like substance
inside the cell membrane.
Cytoplasm constantly flows
inside the cell.
Chemical reactions occur here.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is found
throughout the cytoplasm.
 It supports the cell and
provides shape.
 In some cells, it aids in
movement.
 The cytoskeleton is has
tubules of protein.

Nucleus
This is the control center of
the cell or “the boss.”
 This is usually the largest
organelle in the cell and
often found in the center of
the cell.
 The nucleus is separated
from the rest of the cell by
the nuclear membrane.

 The
nucleus contains the
DNA.
 DNA is the chemical code
of life that determines
everything a cell will do
and become.
 Chromosomes are made
of DNA.
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is found in
the nucleus.
 It is a sub-organelle.
 The nucleolus is involved in
producing ribosomes.

Nuclear Membrane

This surrounds the nucleus.

It has pores for nuclear
transport (in and out of
nucleus.
Golgi Bodies

These package materials
for transport usually out of
the cell.

They sort proteins and
other materials, package
them into vesicles for
delivery around and out of
the cell.
Golgi Apparatus, Golgi
Complex
 Golgi
bodies look like a
stack of flattened
membranes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum



The ER is a network of tube
canals that begins at the
nuclear membrane and runs
throughout the cytoplasm.
These help transport materials.
The endoplasmic reticulum
takes up so much space it must
be folded
The endoplasmic reticulum
can be rough or smooth

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If the ER has attached
ribosomes (small protein
structures), it is rough ER.
If it does not have ribosomes
attached to it, it is smooth ER.
Ribosomes

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Ribosomes are considered suborganelles, and are NOT
membrane-bound.
These organelles make or
synthesize the cell’s proteins.
Proteins take part in nearly
every cell activity.
Mitochondria

Mitochondria break down food
into carbon dioxide and water
to release energy.

“Powerhouse of the Cell”
NOTE THIS under
Mitochondria

ATP Molecule Made Here Provides
Energy
Vacuoles

Vacuoles are membranebound sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste removal.

Add: Small vacuoles are called
vesicles.
Lysosomes

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These are the digestive
structures for food molecules,
cell waste, and worn-out cell
parts.
Transports undigested
material to cell membrane for
removal.
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/stude
nt_view0/chapter2/animation__l
ysosomes.html
What does a plant cell
have that an animal cell
does not?
Three Organelles
Chloroplast
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These are large green, oval
shaped organelles.
Photosynthesis takes place
here.
These contain chlorophyll
which gives plants their green
color.
Large Plant Vacuole

This storage site is for water
and food materials in plant
cells.
Cell Wall
The cell wall is found outside of
the cell membrane.
 It is a rigid, outer covering that
protects the plant cell and
gives it shape.
ADD to Notes:
 It is made of
cellulose.

Organization
From cell to organism
Multicellular organisms have
five levels of organization.
Cell-Tissues-Organs-Systems
Organism
neurons (nerve cells) -->
nervous tissue --> brain -->
central nervous system -->
human
Organelle
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Function
Protects and Supports Plant Cell
Animal or Plant
Or Both
Plant
Protects the Cell---maintains homeostasis by allowing some
things in and some things out
Plant and Animal
Contains DNA (Chromatin Material/Chromosomes) and Controls
the Actions of the Cell
Plant and Animal
Jelly-Like Substance in Cells (between Cell Membrane and Nuclear
Membrane, Organelles Here)
Plant and Animal
Mitochondria
Breaks Down Food to Create Energy Molecules (ATP) for cell
Plant and Animal
Golgi Bodies
Flattened Membranes that Package and Transport Cellular
Materials—May Move Materials Out of Cell
Plant and Animal
Vacuoles
Storage Sites—Large Central Vacuole in Plants—The large,
central vacuole aids in support of plant.
Smaller in Animals
Large Central in Plants
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of Membranes that reach from Nuclear Membrane to
Cell Membrane- Synthesizes Lipids and Transports Materials
through Cell
Plant and Animal
Chloroplasts
Site of Photosynthesis---Contains Chlorophyll (green pigment)
Plant
Lysosomes
Contains Enzymes that Digest Cell Parts, Waste, and Foreign
Bodies
Common in Animal
May Be in Plants
Ribosomes
Site of Protein Synthesis (Makes Proteins)
Cytoskeleton
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Protein Tubules, Helps Give Shape and Helps Some Cells Move
Plant and Animal
Common in Animal
Protects Nucleus by Maintaining Homeostasis
Plant and Animal
Found Inside Nucleus---Involved in Making Ribosomes
Plant and Animal