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Transcript
Cells The Basic Unit of Life A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Robert Hooke In 1665, Robert Hooke looked at a piece of cork under an early compound microscope. He noticed that the cork looked like thousands of tiny chambers, which he called cells. Cell means ____________. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek is known as the Father of the microscope. He was the first to notice small organisms in pond water. He called these organisms “animalcules.” He also observed the scrapings from his teeth. The Cell Theory Developed by Three Men: 1. Matthias Schleiden 2. Theodor Schwann 3. Rudolf Virchow The Cell Theory States: 1. 2. 3. All organisms are made up of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of organization. All cells come from other cells. Compare and Contrast these Cells Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles and are simple are called prokaryotic. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. Cells that do have membrane- bound organelles and are complex are called eukaryotic. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic. Two Cell Types CELL ORGANELLES Organelles are structures in the cell that do a specific job. Some organelles are membrane-bound. Cell Membrane or sometimes called Plasma Membrane This is the outer covering of the cell. It is very selective. It will let some things pass in and out of the cell. It protects the cell. If a cell has a cell wall, the cell membrane will be inside the cell wall. Cytoplasm Add Under Word Cytoplasm: Made of Cytosol This is a gelatin-like substance inside the cell membrane. Cytoplasm constantly flows inside the cell. Chemical reactions occur here. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is found throughout the cytoplasm. It supports the cell and provides shape. In some cells, it aids in movement. The cytoskeleton is has tubules of protein. Nucleus This is the control center of the cell or “the boss.” This is usually the largest organelle in the cell and often found in the center of the cell. The nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell by the nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains the DNA. DNA is the chemical code of life that determines everything a cell will do and become. Chromosomes are made of DNA. Nucleolus The nucleolus is found in the nucleus. It is a sub-organelle. The nucleolus is involved in producing ribosomes. Nuclear Membrane This surrounds the nucleus. It has pores for nuclear transport (in and out of nucleus. Golgi Bodies These package materials for transport usually out of the cell. They sort proteins and other materials, package them into vesicles for delivery around and out of the cell. Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Complex Golgi bodies look like a stack of flattened membranes. Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER is a network of tube canals that begins at the nuclear membrane and runs throughout the cytoplasm. These help transport materials. The endoplasmic reticulum takes up so much space it must be folded The endoplasmic reticulum can be rough or smooth If the ER has attached ribosomes (small protein structures), it is rough ER. If it does not have ribosomes attached to it, it is smooth ER. Ribosomes Ribosomes are considered suborganelles, and are NOT membrane-bound. These organelles make or synthesize the cell’s proteins. Proteins take part in nearly every cell activity. Mitochondria Mitochondria break down food into carbon dioxide and water to release energy. “Powerhouse of the Cell” NOTE THIS under Mitochondria ATP Molecule Made Here Provides Energy Vacuoles Vacuoles are membranebound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal. Add: Small vacuoles are called vesicles. Lysosomes These are the digestive structures for food molecules, cell waste, and worn-out cell parts. Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal. http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/stude nt_view0/chapter2/animation__l ysosomes.html What does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not? Three Organelles Chloroplast These are large green, oval shaped organelles. Photosynthesis takes place here. These contain chlorophyll which gives plants their green color. Large Plant Vacuole This storage site is for water and food materials in plant cells. Cell Wall The cell wall is found outside of the cell membrane. It is a rigid, outer covering that protects the plant cell and gives it shape. ADD to Notes: It is made of cellulose. Organization From cell to organism Multicellular organisms have five levels of organization. Cell-Tissues-Organs-Systems Organism neurons (nerve cells) --> nervous tissue --> brain --> central nervous system --> human Organelle Cell Wall Cell Membrane Function Protects and Supports Plant Cell Animal or Plant Or Both Plant Protects the Cell---maintains homeostasis by allowing some things in and some things out Plant and Animal Contains DNA (Chromatin Material/Chromosomes) and Controls the Actions of the Cell Plant and Animal Jelly-Like Substance in Cells (between Cell Membrane and Nuclear Membrane, Organelles Here) Plant and Animal Mitochondria Breaks Down Food to Create Energy Molecules (ATP) for cell Plant and Animal Golgi Bodies Flattened Membranes that Package and Transport Cellular Materials—May Move Materials Out of Cell Plant and Animal Vacuoles Storage Sites—Large Central Vacuole in Plants—The large, central vacuole aids in support of plant. Smaller in Animals Large Central in Plants Nucleus Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of Membranes that reach from Nuclear Membrane to Cell Membrane- Synthesizes Lipids and Transports Materials through Cell Plant and Animal Chloroplasts Site of Photosynthesis---Contains Chlorophyll (green pigment) Plant Lysosomes Contains Enzymes that Digest Cell Parts, Waste, and Foreign Bodies Common in Animal May Be in Plants Ribosomes Site of Protein Synthesis (Makes Proteins) Cytoskeleton Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Protein Tubules, Helps Give Shape and Helps Some Cells Move Plant and Animal Common in Animal Protects Nucleus by Maintaining Homeostasis Plant and Animal Found Inside Nucleus---Involved in Making Ribosomes Plant and Animal