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Chromosome Structure
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
1. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for
proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules
determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked
together to form a protein.
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
1. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for
proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules
determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked
together to form a protein.
2. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions;
they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
1. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for
proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules
determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked
together to form a protein.
2. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions;
they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)
3. Some RNA molecules bind to RNA or RNA and regulate
the expression of these molecules, turning them off.
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
1. Overview:
a. Two step process
transcription: DNA is read, RNA is made
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
1. Overview:
a. Two step process
transcription: DNA is read, RNA is made
translation: RNA is read, protein is made
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
1. Overview:
a. Two step process
transcription: DNA is read, RNA is made
translation: RNA is read, protein is made
b. Why two steps? Isn't that inefficient?
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
1. Overview:
a. Two step process
transcription: DNA is read, RNA is made
translation: RNA is read, protein is made
b. Why two steps? Isn't that inefficient?
historical effect of how the system evolved
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
1. Overview:
a. Two step process
transcription: DNA is read, RNA is made
translation: RNA is read, protein is made
b. Why two steps? Isn't that inefficient?
historical effect of how the system evolved
greater productivity
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
- an enzyme binds to DNA in a specific region
G TA C G G T C AT G AAA C T G
CAT G C CAG TAC TTT GAC
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
- an enzyme binds to DNA in a specific region
- the DNA "unzips"
G TA C G G T C AT G AAA C T G
CAT G C CAG TAC TTT GAC
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
- an enzyme binds to DNA in a specific region
- the DNA "unzips"
- the enzyme links together RNA bases that are
complementary to one of the DNA strands.
G TA C G G T C AT G AAA C T G
CAUGC
CAT G C CAG TAC TTT GAC
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
- an enzyme binds to DNA in a specific region
- the DNA "unzips"
- the enzyme links together RNA bases that are
complementary to one of the DNA strands.
G TA C G G T C AT G AAA C T G
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
CAT G C CAG TAC TTT GAC
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
- an enzyme binds to DNA in a specific region
- the DNA "unzips"
- the enzyme links together RNA bases that are
complementary to one of the DNA strands.
- So, a DNA GENE was "read" and an m-RNA "copy" was made
G TA C G G T C AT G AAA C T G
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
CAT G C CAG TAC TTT GAC
III. "Spending" Energy I: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A. DNA and RNA Structure
B. DNA and RNA Function
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
- in the cytoplasm, a Ribosome binds to the m-RNA
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
- in the cytoplasm, a Ribosome binds to the m-RNA
- it "reads" to find the first "AUG" sequence
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
- in the cytoplasm, a Ribosome binds to the m-RNA
- it "reads" to find the first "AUG" sequence
- another type of RNA binds, carrying a specific AA
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
met
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
- in the cytoplasm, a Ribosome binds to the m-RNA
- it "reads" to find the first "AUG" sequence
- another type of RNA binds, carrying a specific AA
- the ribosome "reads" the next 3-bases and links
the next AA to the first...(where does it get the energy to make the
bond?)
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
met
pro
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
- in the cytoplasm, a Ribosome binds to the m-RNA
- it "reads" to find the first "AUG" sequence
- another type of RNA binds, carrying a specific AA
- the ribosome "reads" the next 3-bases and links
the next AA to the first
- this continues until a "stop signal" is reached...
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
met
pro
val
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
- in the cytoplasm, a Ribosome binds to the m-RNA
- it "reads" to find the first "AUG" sequence
- another type of RNA binds, carrying a specific AA
- the ribosome "reads" the next 3-bases and links
the next AA to the first
- this continues until a "stop signal" is reached...
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
met
pro
val
leu
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
- in the cytoplasm, a Ribosome binds to the m-RNA
- it "reads" to find the first "AUG" sequence
- another type of RNA binds, carrying a specific AA
- the ribosome "reads" the next 3-bases and links
the next AA to the first
- this continues until a "stop signal" is reached...
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
met
pro
val
leu
"stop"
C. HOW they work - Protein Synthesis
2. Transcription - DNA is "read" and RNA is made
3. Translation - m-RNA is "read" and a Protein is made
4. Summary:
So, the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in DNA
ultimately determined the sequence of AA's linked together to form
a protein. DNA is a recipe for proteins. A DNA recipe = GENE
G TA C G G T C AT G AAA C T G
CAT G C CAG TACTTT GAC
CAUGCCAGUACUUUGAC
met
pro
val
leu