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BIOLOGY II Chapter 3: Cells
I. Introduction
NAME_________________
A. An adult human body consists of about _______________________________________________ cells.
B. There are at least _______________________________________________________ varieties of cells.
C. Cells are measured in units called _______________________________________________________ .
D. A micrometer equals _________________________________________________________________ .
E. A human egg cell is about ____________________________________________________ in diameter.
G. Cells have different, distinctive shapes that make possible their ________________________________
II. A Composite Cell
A. Introduction
1. It is not possible to describe a typical cell because ___________________________________ .
2. A composite cell includes ______________________________________________________ .
3. The three major parts of a cell are ________________________________________________
4. The nucleus is enclosed by______________________________________________________ .
5. The nucleus contains __________________________________________________________ .
6. The cytoplasm is composed of specialized structures called ________________ that are suspended in a
liquid called _____________.
7. The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is contained by the .
B. Cell Membrane
1. General Characteristics
a. The cell membrane controls ______________________________________________ .
b. The cell membrane is called selectively permeable because
c. Signal transduction is ___________________________________________________ .
2. Membrane Structure
a. The cell membrane is mainly composed of __________________________________
b. The cell membrane has a double layer of ___________________________________ .
c. The surfaces of the cell membrane are formed by _____________________________
d. The interior of the cell membrane is formed by_______________________________
e. The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to ___________________________________
f. The phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to ________________________________
g. ________________________________________ help to stabilize the cell membrane.
h. Five types of membrane proteins are _______________________________________
i. Receptor proteins function to _____________________________________________ .
j. Integral proteins function to ______________________________________________
k. Enzymes of the membrane function in _____________________________________ .
l. Cellular adhesion molecules function to _____________________________________ .
m. Cell surface glycoproteins function to _____________________________________ .
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3. Cellular Adhesion Molecules
a. Two examples of CAMs are _____________________________________________ .
b. Selectin functions to ___________________________________________________ .
c. Integrin functions to ____________________________________________________
C. Cytoplasm
1. The cytoskeleton is ___________________________________________________________ .
2. Ribosomes are composed of ____________________________________________________ .
3. Ribosomes are the sites of ______________________________________________________ .
4. Unlike many of the other organelles, ribosomes are not reactions
5. Two places ribosomes are found are ______________________________________________ .
6. The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is __________________________________________
7. The function of endoplasmic reticulum is __________________________________________
8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ______________________________________ .
9. Proteins move from the ER to the ________________________________________________ .
10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is _______________________________________________ .
11. SER contains enzymes that ____________________________________________________ .
12. Vesicles are ________________________________________________________________ .
13. Vesicles are formed by ________________________________________________________
14. Vesicles function to __________________________________________________________ .
15. Vesicle trafficking is _________________________________________________________ .
16. The structure of the Golgi apparatus is ___________________________________________
17. The Golgi apparatus functions to ________________________________________________
18. The structure of mitochondria is ________________________________________________
19. The two layers of a mitochondrion are____________________________________________
20. Cristae are _________________________________________________________________ .
21. Mitochondria function to ______________________________________________________
22. Lysosomes function to ________________________________________________________ .
23. Lysosomes contain ___________________________________________________________ .
24. Peroxisomes are most abundant in a cell of the
reactions__________and _____________ .
25. Peroxisomes contain _________________________________________________________ .
26. Peroxidases function to catalyze metabolic reactions _____________
27. Peroxisomes also contain an enzyme called_________ __________, which
decomposes__________________.
28. The structure of a centrosome is a _______________ Structure composed of two
_____________________.
29. A centrosome is usually located near the __________________________________________ .
30. Centrosomes function to ______________________________________________________ .
31. The structure of a cilium is ____________________________________________________ .
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32. The function of cilia is ________________________________________________________ .
33. The structure of a flagellum is __________________________________________________ .
34. The function of flagella are ____________________________________________________ .
35. Microfilaments are ___________________________________________________________ .
36. Microfilaments cause _________________________________________________________ .
37. Microtubules are ____________________________________________________________ .
38. Three functions of microtubules are _____________________________________________
39. Inclusions are _______________________________________________________________ .
D. Cell Nucleus
1. The nucleus contains __________________________________________________________ .
2. Chromosomes are_____________________________________________________________ .
3. The nucleus is enclosed by______________________________________________________ .
4. Nuclear pores are _____________________________________________________________ .
5. _____________________________________________________move through nuclear pores.
6. Nucleoplasm is _______________________________________________________________ .
7. Two structures found in nucleoplasm are __________________________________________
8. The nucleolus is composed of ___________________________________________________ .
9. The nucleolus is the site of ______________________________________________________ .
10. Chromatin is ________________________________________________________________ .
III. Movements Into and Out of the Cell
A. Introduction
1. The cell membrane controls _____________________________________________________ .
2. Four types of physical processes are ______________________________________________
3. Three types of physiological mechanisms are _______________________________________
B. Diffusion
1. Diffusion is _________________________________________________________________ .
2. A concentration gradient is _____________________________________________________ .
3. Diffusional equilibrium is ______________________________________________________ .
4. Substances diffuse _________________________ with a concentration gradient.
5. Two conditions that allow a substance to diffuse across a membrane are __________________ .
6. In body cells, oxygen usually diffuses_______________a body cell and carbon dioxide diffuses
____________________________________________________________________ a body cell.
7. A physiological steady state is ___________________________________________________ .
8. Five substances that cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion are
_____________________________________________________________________________ .
9. The three most important factors that influence diffusion rate are________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ .
10. In general, diffusion is more rapid over ___________________________________ distances,
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______________ concentration gradients, and at ____________________________ temperatures.
C. Facilitated Diffusion
1. Facilitated diffusion requires ____________________________________________________ .
2. Substances that move across the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion are.
3. The hormone _________promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose.
D. Osmosis
1. Osmosis is __________________________________________________________________ .
2. Osmotic pressure is ___________________________________________________________ .
3. Water always tends to diffuse toward solutions of____________________________________
4. Isotonic solutions are __________________________________________________________ .
5. Hypertonic solutions are _______________________________________________________ .
6. Hypotonic solutions are ________________________________________________________ .
7. Cells _____________________________________________________in hypertonic solutions.
8. Cells _____________________________________________________ in hypotonic solutions.
E. Filtration
1. The process of forcing molecules through a membrane is ______________________________
2. Filtration is commonly used to separate ____________________________________________ .
3. In the body the force for filtration is produced by________________
F. Active Transport
1. Movement against a concentration gradient is _______________________________________ .
2. Active transport is similar to facilitated diffusion because _____________________________
3. Substances that move across the cell membrane through active transport are ______________ .
4. Active transport requires cellular _________________________________________________ .
G. Endocytosis
1. Endocytosis is the process of ____________________________________________________ .
2. Three forms of endocytosis are __________________________________________________
3. Pinocytosis is endocytosis of ____________________________________________________ .
4. Phagocytosis is endocytosis of ___________________________________________________ .
5. Phagocytes are _______________________________________________________________ .
6. Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves________________into the cell.
7. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a substance must bind to a ___________________________
before it can enter the cell.
8. A ligand is __________________________________________________________________ .
9. An example of a molecule that moves into a cell through receptor-mediated endocytsosis is __ .
H. Exocytosis
1. Exocytosis is the reverse of _____________________________________________________ .
2. Cells secrete __________________________________________________ through exocytosis.
3. Nerve cells secrete _____________________________________________ through exocytosis.
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I. Transcytosis
1. Transcytosis moves substances __________________________________________________ .
2. A virus that uses transcytosis to infect humans is ____________________________________ .
IV. The Cell Cycle
A. Introduction
1. The cell cycle is ______________________________________________________________ .
2. Daughter cells are ____________________________________________________________ .
3. The four stages of the cell cycle are _______________________________________________
B. Interphase
1. During interphase, a cell _______________________________________________________ .
2. The phases of interphase are ____________________________________________________ .
3. During the S phase, the cell is ___________________________________________________ .
4. During the G phases, the cell is __________________________________________________ .
C. Mitosis
1. Mitosis is ___________________________________________________________________ .
2. In mitosis, the resulting daughter cells are __________________________________________ .
3. At the end of mitosis, each resulting daughter cell has _____________________ chromosomes.
4. Meiosis is ___________________________________________________________________ .
5. The division of nuclear material is called __________________________________________ .
6. The division of cytoplasm is ____________________________________________________ .
7. The four stages of mitosis are ___________________________________________________
8. In prophase, centrioles move ____________________________________________________ .
9. In prophase, the nuclear envelope ________________________________________________ .
10. In prophase, microtubules form _________________________________________________ .
11. In prophase, chromatin condenses into ___________________________________________ .
12. Centromeres are _____________________________________________________________ .
13. In metaphase, spindle fibers attach to ____________________________________________
14. In metaphase, the chromosomes align ____________________________________________ .
15. In anaphase, the ________________________________________ of the chromatids separate.
16. In anaphase, chromosomes move toward __________________________________________ .
17. Telophase begins when ________________________________________________________ .
18. In telophase, a nuclear envelope ________________________________________________ .
19. In telophase, chromosomes begin to _____________________________________________ .
D. Cytoplasmic Division
1. Cytoplasmic division begins in________________and ends in _________________________ .
2. ___________________________________ are responsible for pinching the cytoplasm in half.
3. The resulting daughter cells have identical____________but they may vary _______________ .
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V. Control of Cell Division
A. Three cell types that divide continually are ________________________________________________
B. Neurons divide ______________________________________________________________________ .
C. In laboratory conditions, cells divide _____________________________________________________ .
D. Telomeres are ______________________________________________________________________ .
E. When chromosome tips wear down, a cell ________________________________________________ .
F. Two types of proteins called _______________________________________ also control cell division.
G. When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to
H. Two examples of external controls that influence cell division are________________
I. Hormones are _______________________________________________________________________ .
J. Growth factors are ___________________________________________________________________ .
K. Contact inhibition prevents ____________________________________________________________ .
L. A tumor results _____________________________________________________________________ .
M. A benign tumor is ___________________________________________________________________ .
N. A malignant tumor is _________________________________________________________________ .
O. Two types of genes that cause cancer are __________________________________________________ .
P. Apoptosis is ________________________________________________________________________ .
VI. Stem and Progenitor Cells
A. A stem cell divides mitotically to produce ________________________________________________
B. A progenitor cell is __________________________________________________________________ .
C. A neural stem cell gives rise to________________but not ____________________________________ .
D. A totipotent cell can give rise to ________________________________________________________ .
E. Pluripotent cells are __________________________________________________________________ .
F. Cells specialize by ___________________________________________________________________ .
VII. Cell Death
A. ______________________ is called programmed cell death.
B. Like mitosis, apoptosis is a ____________________ process.
Both are a__________________ of development.
Mitosis is cell _______________ while apoptosis is ____________________.
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