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Genetic Engineering What is genetic engineering? -How important is the creation of new medicines to combat illnesses (Ex. Insulin to help individuals stricken with diabetes.) or do you believe messing with biotechnology is helping organisms not deemed fit by nature to survive? I believe that it is more important to create new technology to try and keep people alive. Doing this can make more cures for all of the diseases out there. I think that it would be a bad idea to not experiment with biotechnology. List and describe some uses of genetic engineering. Genetic Engineering = cutting DNA from 1 organism into small fragments and inserting the fragments into a host organism of the same or different species (also called ___recombinant DNA technology_____ _or biogenetics____ Uses of Genetic Engineering: 1. Making transgenic organisms – an organism that contains __DNA from another species______________ EX. If I put DNA from a _zebra into a kangaroo___ REAL LIFE USES for transgenic organisms: - medicine (producing human growth hormones____) - crops (making crops that are insect resistant_______) - foods (making better tasting or more meaty foods) - crops (making canola that produces _high yield__ oil to make canola oil) - altered bacteria that clean sewage (in septic tanks and sewage treatment plants) - altered E. coli bacteria to make the expensive _indigo dye___ - working on bacteria that can turn wood chips into paper - vaccines HOW DO YOU MAKE A TRANSGENIC ORGANISM? 1. Isolate the foreign DNA by using __Restriction Enzymes__ that cleave (cut) the donor DNA at very specific places 2. Vectors transfer the donor DNA into the host a. mechanical vectors = _carry DNA into a cell, micropipette or metal bullet________ b. biological vectors = virus or bacterial plasmid (_small rings of DNA______) 3. If host and foreign DNA have been cleaved by the same restriction enzyme, the ends can _ join_ together. 4. Gene cloning occurs- this cell continues to divide by __mitosis___ and __meiosis_____ this new foreign DNA (gene) as if it were its own 2. Cloning- make an __genetically identical copy of an organism______________________ - most famous example is the sheep Dolly in 1997 hope to use to create more and better cows for _higher food yields_______ Summary 3. Sequencing DNA by gel electrophoresis- separates DNA by __size__________ USES for GEL ELECTROPHORESIS and DNA SEQUENCING - DNA fingerprinting to determine __a criminal from a crime scene or the parent in a paternity test______ - Analyze fossil DNA and compare extinct species with living species Human Genome Project- an international effort to sequence the 35,000 -40,000 genes on the _46__ human chromosomes - began in 1990, completed in 2003 BENEFITS: - ___Diagnosis______ for diseases (ex. Test the cells from the fluid around fetus to see if baby has a genetic disorder) - better drugs - gene therapy = __insertion of normal genes into people who have diseases to correct it___________ - DNA fingerprinting (except for___identical twins_______, no 2 people have the same DNA sequence) Summary ETHICS: How far is too far? What is morally ok, what is morally wrong??!! (write your answer here) - I believe that in some cases it may be okay to make new medicines and to try out different things like that. It is important that we have medicines and treatments that help patients or people to survive. If we were destroying the earth and using a lot of trees then I think that could be taking it too far. If we are killing animals or using them as test dummies that could also