Download Goal Two

Goal Two
The learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular
basis of life.
2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic
molecules
 Carbohydrates
o Form rings, building blocks are monosaccharides (simple sugars),
used as quick sources of energy, other examples- starches,
cellulose, glycogen (polysaccharides)
 Proteins
o Form chains, building block= amino acid, examples are
ENZYMES, muscles, hair, etc
 Lipids
o Fats, may look like an E (three fatty acids and a glycerol) or a
kindergartner’s stick figure (phosopholipid). Used as insulation,
protection, and long term energy. Also make up membranes
 Nucleic Acids
o Building blocks are nucleotides, used to carry the genetic code ,
examples are RNA and DNA
2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and functions of cells including:
 Cell organelles
o Nucleus- control center of the cell, carries the heredity information
o Plasma (cell) membrane- a semi permeable membrane (lets certain
things in and out. Phospholipid bilayer

o Cell wall- support and protection, ONLY IN PLANTS
o Mitochondria- powerhouse, cellular respiration, makes energy
o Vacuole- storage, PLANTS HAVE A STORAGE VACUOLE
(STORES WATER)
o Chloroplast- photosynthesis, makes food, ONLY IN PLANTS
o Ribosomes- protein synthesis, makes protein
o Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- transports material
o Gogi Apparatus(complex)- packages materials
o Lysosomes- suicide sac- contains digestive enzymes
o Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments)- support
Cell specialization
o Hierarchy of cell organization: cells-> tissues-> organs-> organ
systems
o Differences between plant and animal cells
 Plants- chloroplast, cell wall, storage vacuole
 Animals- centrioles
o Use and understanding of microscope
 Total magnification
 Steps of microscope use
 Communication among cells within an organism
o Chemical signals may be released by one cell to influence the
activity of another cell. For example, a nerve cell can send a
message to a muscle cell or to another nerve cell.
2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including:
 Maintenance of homeostasis
o Maintance of one’s internal environment
 Too hot sweat
 Too cold  shiver, goosebumps, draw up
o Maintance of homeostasis in terms of :
 Temperature
 pH- measure of how acidic or basic something is
 acid has a pH below 7
 base has a pH above 7
 neutral is 7, ex. Distilled water
 salinity
 Movement of materials into and out of cells
o Diffusion- movement of substances from a greater concentration to a
lesser concentration (this is called moving with a concentration
gradient), it requires NO energy (passive transport)
o Osmosis- diffusion of water
 Isotonic- for every water molecule that leaves, one enters
 Hypertonic- (more solute on the outside of the cell than
inside the cell)- more water leaves the cell than enters the
cell, causing the cell to shrink or wilt. Ex. Putting a red
blood cell in salt water
 Hypotonic- (less solute outside the cell than inside the cell)more water enters the cell than leaves the cell, causing the
cell to swell. Ex. Putting a red blood cell in distilled water
 Also requires NO energy (passive transport)
o Active Transport- movement of substances against a concentration
gradient (movement from a lesser concentration to a greater
concentration). REQUIRES ENERGY. Ex: endocytosis,
exocytosis
 Energy use and release in biochemical reactions
o ATP/ADP cycle
 ADP plus a phosphate – makes ATP, stores energy
 ATP take away a phosphate- makes ADP, releases energy
o Photosynthesis/Respiration
2.04 Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain
their importance in biological systems.
o Enzymes are proteins
o They control chemical reactions
o
o
o
o
They are reusable
They can be both species and cell specific
High pH and high temperatures can denature (kill or make unusable)
Induce Fit theory
 The cell membrane has specific receptor for specific
enzymes. Only the triangle enzyme will fit into the triangle
active site. Once the enzyme and the active site (called lock
and key), The chemical reaction can occur, after the reaction,
the enzyme leaves, the raw product (substrate) is formed and
the enzyme can be used again.
o Many genetic disorders such as PKU are caused by defects in the
genetic code for one or more enzymes.
2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions:
 Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Photosynthesis