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AP Biology
Unit 3 – Proteins, Enzymes, Digestion, and Cellular Respiration
GENERAL CONCEPTS
Protein
Structure and
Function
Ch 5.4
Enzymes
Ch 8
Digestion
Ch 41
Proteins – forces involved in 4 levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary
structure), amino acid structure/properties and how these affect protein structure, peptide
bonds, specificity of protein folding, importance of protein shape, sickle cell, chaperonins
Forms of energy, Laws of thermodynamics, free energy, energy coupling, ATP, how ATP
performs work –phosphorylation, Exergonic vs. endergonic reactions – Does the quantity of
energy in the reactants and products change?
Activation energy – what is it; how do enzymes affect it?
Interactions with substrates (molecular level) – how are substrates bound to active site of
enzyme (what kinds of bonds are involved?); how do enzymes speed up reactions; induced fit
Enzyme control mechanisms and their effect on enzyme reaction rates–
cofactors/coenzymes , competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibition, allosteric regulation
(activators and inhibitors), cooperativity, feedback inhibition (negative feedback),
What happens to a protein when it denatures? How does a change in temp, pH, salt, denature proteins? How
do pH and temp affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?
Draw a graph of the reaction rate of an enzyme as the enzyme concentration is increased (assume unlimited
substrate). Draw a graph of the reaction rate of an enzyme as the substrate concentration is increased.
Maintaining glucose levels with insulin, glucagon; negative feedback
What are essential nutrients? amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals
Stages of Food Processing – ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination. How does
ingestion differ from digestion?
Intracellular vs. extracellular digestion, incomplete vs. complete digestive tracts,
specialization, gastrovascular cavity
Mammalian anatomy
 Alimentary canal – oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon)
Cellular
Respiration
Ch 9
 Accessory organs – salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder; secrete digestive juices
Oral cavity - salivary amylase; bolus; function of epiglottis?; role of peristalsis
Stomach – low pH (gastric juices + HCl); pepsin; role of mucus; ulcers –H. pylori;
sphincters, Chief cells, Parietal cells, mucus cells, pepsinogen
SI– duodenum (digestion), jejunum and ileum (absorption of nutrients and water);
pancreatic bases to neutralize acid chyme; pancreatic amylase; protease & peptidases;
nucleases; lipase; bile (produced by liver); blood vessels
Nutrient absorption – Villi and microvilli in small intestine; high surface area
Appendix, Large intestine – absorbs water from feces, bacteria, vitamins
Carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acid digestion – where begin?, what enzymes involved?
Adaptations of digestive systems and symbiotic microorganisms, role of leptin
Connection between digestion and cellular respiration?
Flow of energy vs flow of electrons
Basics – balanced chemical equation, location in cell (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), overall
purpose, connection between major stages, total ATP yield, differences between aerobic vs.
anaerobic pathways
Glycolysis – location, purpose, reactants/products; ATP and NADH yield
Intermediate (Pyruvate Oxidation) – location, purpose, reactants/products; NADH yield
Citric Acid Cycle – location, purpose, reactants/products; net yield of ATP, NADH, FADH2
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain, proton motive force, and
chemiosmosis)– location, purpose, reactants/products; significance of electron transport
chain, H+ ions, chemiosmotic gradient, and ATP synthase in ATP production; final electron acceptor?
Fermentation – location, purpose, reactants/products; alcoholic vs. lactic acid, organisms in
and conditions under which each occurs; regeneration of NAD+
Substrate level vs oxidative phosphorylation
Catabolism of carbs vs protein, fats
Feedback regulation of cellular respiration
AP Biology LHS 10/12/11
AP Biology LHS 10/12/11