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AP Biology Unit 3 – Proteins, Enzymes, Digestion, and Cellular Respiration GENERAL CONCEPTS Protein Structure and Function Ch 5.4 Enzymes Ch 8 Digestion Ch 41 Proteins – forces involved in 4 levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary structure), amino acid structure/properties and how these affect protein structure, peptide bonds, specificity of protein folding, importance of protein shape, sickle cell, chaperonins Forms of energy, Laws of thermodynamics, free energy, energy coupling, ATP, how ATP performs work –phosphorylation, Exergonic vs. endergonic reactions – Does the quantity of energy in the reactants and products change? Activation energy – what is it; how do enzymes affect it? Interactions with substrates (molecular level) – how are substrates bound to active site of enzyme (what kinds of bonds are involved?); how do enzymes speed up reactions; induced fit Enzyme control mechanisms and their effect on enzyme reaction rates– cofactors/coenzymes , competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibition, allosteric regulation (activators and inhibitors), cooperativity, feedback inhibition (negative feedback), What happens to a protein when it denatures? How does a change in temp, pH, salt, denature proteins? How do pH and temp affect the rate of an enzyme reaction? Draw a graph of the reaction rate of an enzyme as the enzyme concentration is increased (assume unlimited substrate). Draw a graph of the reaction rate of an enzyme as the substrate concentration is increased. Maintaining glucose levels with insulin, glucagon; negative feedback What are essential nutrients? amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals Stages of Food Processing – ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination. How does ingestion differ from digestion? Intracellular vs. extracellular digestion, incomplete vs. complete digestive tracts, specialization, gastrovascular cavity Mammalian anatomy Alimentary canal – oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon) Cellular Respiration Ch 9 Accessory organs – salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder; secrete digestive juices Oral cavity - salivary amylase; bolus; function of epiglottis?; role of peristalsis Stomach – low pH (gastric juices + HCl); pepsin; role of mucus; ulcers –H. pylori; sphincters, Chief cells, Parietal cells, mucus cells, pepsinogen SI– duodenum (digestion), jejunum and ileum (absorption of nutrients and water); pancreatic bases to neutralize acid chyme; pancreatic amylase; protease & peptidases; nucleases; lipase; bile (produced by liver); blood vessels Nutrient absorption – Villi and microvilli in small intestine; high surface area Appendix, Large intestine – absorbs water from feces, bacteria, vitamins Carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acid digestion – where begin?, what enzymes involved? Adaptations of digestive systems and symbiotic microorganisms, role of leptin Connection between digestion and cellular respiration? Flow of energy vs flow of electrons Basics – balanced chemical equation, location in cell (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), overall purpose, connection between major stages, total ATP yield, differences between aerobic vs. anaerobic pathways Glycolysis – location, purpose, reactants/products; ATP and NADH yield Intermediate (Pyruvate Oxidation) – location, purpose, reactants/products; NADH yield Citric Acid Cycle – location, purpose, reactants/products; net yield of ATP, NADH, FADH2 Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain, proton motive force, and chemiosmosis)– location, purpose, reactants/products; significance of electron transport chain, H+ ions, chemiosmotic gradient, and ATP synthase in ATP production; final electron acceptor? Fermentation – location, purpose, reactants/products; alcoholic vs. lactic acid, organisms in and conditions under which each occurs; regeneration of NAD+ Substrate level vs oxidative phosphorylation Catabolism of carbs vs protein, fats Feedback regulation of cellular respiration AP Biology LHS 10/12/11 AP Biology LHS 10/12/11