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Name: ____________________ What do Genes Look Like? - notes (part 1) Genes: What are they? Where are they? I. ___________________________ - segments of DNA that carry hereditary instructions and are passed from parent to offspring; genes are located on ______________________________ Chromosome DNA The structure of DNA II. ___________________________ – Hereditary material that controls all the activities of a cell and provides the instructions for making proteins (proteins are the building blocks of the body and determine a person’s traits) A. DNA is made of _________________________________ B. Nucleotides have _________________ parts; 5-carbon __________________, phosphate group, nitrogen base 1. Nucleotides are identical except for the nitrogen base 2. A nucleotide can contain 1 of 4 Nitrogenous Bases• ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ Nitrogen bases can be Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine The amount of Adenine = Thymine, Cytosine = Guanine (Chargaff’s Rule) Replication – how DNA makes a copy of itself III. Name: ____________________ The Double Helix- 1953, 2 American scientists, ______________________ and Crick, discovered the structure of DNA using the X-rays made by Rosalind Franklin A. 2 __________________wound around each other like a twisted ladder B. Strands are held together by _________________________ between nitrogenous bases. C. Adenine bonds to _____________________ and Cytosine bonds to __________________ Structure of DNA _________ bonds Sugar Phosphate Backbone Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine IV. _________________________________: Before a cell divides to produce new cells, DNA on every chromosome is copied so that each new cell has an identical set of chromosomes. Simulate Replication: Make a complimentary strand of DNA ATT CGT ACG TTT ACT ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Self Check – part 1 1.The process of Making a copy of DNA during mitosis is called ________________ 2. How do bases pair up during replication? 3. Replicate the following strand of DNA : ACA GGC TAT AAT ______ ______ ______ ______ __ __ __ __ 4. Where is DNA stored in a eukaryotic cell? ______________________________ Name: ____________________ What do Genes Look Like? - notes (part 2) From DNA to Protein I. How DNA works – DNA cannot leave the nucleus. A copy of the DNA code is made in the nucleus into RNA. RNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosome where the code is read and the protein is assembled. A. The nitrogen bases in every gene make a _______________________ B. Every three bases makes one ________________________ C. One codon is the code for one ________________________ _________________ D. Long chains of amino acids make___________________________. E. Proteins determine an organisms characteristics and traits Translation: Using RNA and The Genetic Code to make Proteins II. Making a Protein: Translation DNA in the Nucleus: ATA GCT CCG TTA Code is made into RNA: UAU CGA GGC AAU ***In RNA Thymine is replaced by _________________****** Amino Acid Chain is made at the ribosome: Tyrosine: Arginine: Glycine: _______________ DNA: TTA TTT CCC AAT RNA: _______ _______ ________ _______ Amino Acid Chain: __________________, ___________________, __________________, ___________________ This protein will now determine a trait or a characteristic Transcription: The process of transcription is carried out within a cell to make proteins. Proteins are made using the code in DNA that is sent to the ribosomes with the help of messenger RNA. When carrying out transcription, Uracil replaces Thymine in the strand of RNA. (Reminder: Be sure to separate the RNA strand into codons!) Write the complimentary strand of RNA for the DNA strands listed below Name: ____________________ Now using your Amino Acid Wheel, write the amino acid chain that each mRNA codes for. (Note: the code is based on mRNA codons not tRNA anticodons.) Polypeptide #1 __________________________________________________ Polypeptide #2 __________________________________________________ Polypeptide #3___________________________________________________ Diabetes is a disease characterized by the inability to break down sugars. Often a person with diabetes has a defective DNA sequence that codes for the making of the insulin protein. Suppose a person has a mutation in their DNA and the first triplet for the insulin gene reads T A T. The normal gene reads T A G. What amino acid does the mutant DNA and the normal DNA code for and will the person with this mutation be diabetic? Another mutation changes the insulin gene to read T C T (instead of the normal T A G). Will this person be diabetic? Explain. Genetic Mutations III. Name: ____________________ __________________________- changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information; Can affect all types of cells (not all are harmful). A. ______________________- affect sex cells – inherited by offspring (ex- Down Syndrome) B. ____________________________– affect other cells- not inherited by offspring (many cancers caused by somatic mutations) Two Types of DNA mutations IV. 2 types of mutations A. _____________________________ (#1) - changes in a single gene. 2 types of gene mutations1. _______________________________- affect only one nucleotide *Can be caused by substitutions 2. _____________________________- type of point mutation where nucleotide is inserted or deleted; affects every amino acid after that point. *Can be cause by insertions or deletions B. __________________________________(#2) - changes in whole chromosomes. 4 types of chromosomal mutations. 1. _______________________-- loss of all or part of chromosome 2. _______________________- segment of a chromosome is repeated 3. _______________________ -chromosome becomes reversed 4. ______________________- part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome Effects of DNA mutations V. What are the effects of________________________-? A. _______________________ are altered. B. __________________are unable to perform “normal” functions. Sometimes _____________________are harmful, sometimes there is no affect, and sometimes mutations can be helpful. (Helpful when mutation produces a trait that aids in survival) Changing DNA on purpose VI. ___________________________- when humans change the genes of an organism to achieve a desired result A. ____________________________- allowing only the individuals with desired traits to reproduce. 2 types 1. _________________________-crossbreeding dissimilar individuals: offspring will have the best of both Ex: donkey x horse = mule Name: ____________________ 2. __________________________-breeding individuals with similar characteristics: maintain certain characteristics in offspring Ex: German Shepard x German Shepard = German Shepard VII. _______________________________ – Desired genes are removed from one organism and added or recombined into another organism. This forms a transgenic organism with recombinant DNA A. This is used to make proteins not normally made by the cell. Can be used to produce: Drugs like insulin, Vaccines, Plants resistant to Insects, Reduce pollution, Better crops/meat DNA and Evolution VIII. Evolution –natural process through which species ____________________over time A. The __________________________“selects” the best traits – only those best suited will survive and pass on their traits to offspring. B. ___________________________– occurs because of genetic differences caused by mutations in DNA