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CELL NOTES
Section One
Microscope- an instrument scientists use to view tiny objects.
 The 4 life processes are:
 Living things grow
 Living things respond to the world around them
 Living things reproduce
 Living things need energy—food
Spontaneous generation- 1600’s theory that living things could be produced
from non-living matter. This theory was proved false by a man named Redi.
Stimulus- signal to which an organism reacts.
Response-the action of an organism brought on by the stimulus.
 A teacher asks a question (stimulus), the student raises his/her hand
(response).
Metabolism- the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
Organism- any living thing.
Cell- smallest living part of an organism.
Virus- complex chemical link between living and non-living things that can
cause disease and must use the energy of a living cell to reproduce.
Section Two: Cell Parts
Cell Wall
Plant, Animal,
Both
Description
Function
Rigid material
surrounding the cell
Gives shape and
strength to the cell.
Plant
Thin material
surrounding the cell
Helps to control the
movement of
materials in and out
of the cell
Both
Cell Membrane
Large, oval structure
Nucleus
nucleus
Nucleolus
“Brain” of the cell
Controls the cell’s
activities.
Both
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Thin material
surrounding the
nucleus
Small, dark area in
nucleus
Helps to control the
movement of materials
in and out of the
nucleus
Located inside the
nucleus
Both
Both
makes ribosomes
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Grainlike bodies
made in the
nucleolus
clear, jelly
Endoplasmic
reticululm
Tubular
passageways
Produces proteins
Both
constantly moving
material surrounding
the nucleus.
Both
Transports proteins from
one part of cell to
another
Both
Known as the
"intracellular highway".
Chromosomes
Controls growth and
Threadlike structures reproduction
inside the nucleus
Contains genes
Genes
Tiny units located in
the chromosomes
Mitochondria
Rod-shape
organelle located
in the cytoplasm
Vacuole
Large, round ,
water filled sacs
Chloroplasts
Irregular-shaped
green structures
Chlorophyll
Golgi Complex
Green matter
Irregular shaped
Controls the cells
activities
Energy center or
"powerhouse" of the
cell (Mr. Capp)
Turns food into useable
energy
Storage tanks of the
cell for food, water,
and waste
They are little bundles
of chlorophyll. It is
where green plants
make their own food.
The green coloring
matter in plants.
Processes, packages
and secretes proteins.
Like a factory.
Both
Both
Both
Both
Many Plants
Both
Both
Animal Cell Diagram
Plant Cell Diagram
Materials enter and leave a cell by way of 3 processes:
1. Diffusion- molecules move from higher to lower concentration. NO cell
energy is required. EX: perfume, air freshener.
2. Osmosis- movement of WATER in and out of cell. Uses NO cell energy.
Higher to lower concentration.
3. Active transport- movement that DOES require cellular energy. Lower
to higher concentration.
Mitosis- the process of cell division.
Unicellular- consisting of one cell.
Protist- any single-celled organism.
Protozoans- any ANIMAL-LIKE protist.
Bacteria- the simplest protists. Unusual in that they are surrounded by a cell
wall, but have no nucleus inside the cell. Classified according to shape. Can
be harmful or helpful.
Tissue- a team of cells that performs a special function. EX: bone, nerve,
muscle.
Organ- a group of tissues working together. EX: stomach, heart.
System- a group of organs working together. EX: digestive, circulatory, nervous.
The foods we eat contain 3 basic substances:
 1. Carbohydrates- energy-rich substances. There are 2 kinds-sugars (fruit,
sugar), starches (bread, pasta, vegetables, cereal).
 2. Fats- supports and cushions vital organs. Supplies energy. (red meat,
butter,oils,whole milk, cheese, nuts).
 3. Proteins- used to build and repair cells and muscles. (meat, eggs, milk).