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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ From DNA to Proteins Study Guide B Answer Key 7. The sugar-phosphate backbone is like the twisting handrails of the staircase, and the nitrogen-containing bases are like the steps that connect the railings to each other. 8. Because A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G, the amount of A will be equal to the amount of T, and the amount of C will be equal to the amount of G. SECTION 1. STRUCTURE OF DNA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nucleotide: Refer to the Visual Vocab in Section 2 for visual answers. Students should label: phosphate group; nitrogencontaining base; and deoxyribose sugar. 4 the phosphate group and the deoxyribose sugar; the nitrogen-containing base that it was of uniform width by building models The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside. Inside the structure, a base with two rings always pairs with a base with only one ring. A; G DNA Double Helix: drawing should include sugar-phosphate backbone; nitrogencontaining bases; and hydrogen bonds SECTION 2. DNA REPLICATION 1. the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle 2. nucleus 3. S stage 4. so that every cell will have a complete set of DNA following cell division 5. something that serves as a pattern 6. ATCCATG 7. Proteins help unzip the DNA strand, hold the strands apart, and bond nucleotides together. 8. hydrogen bonds connecting base pairs 9. because each molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand 10. Enzymes unzip the helix. 11. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original strands. 12. Two identical DNA molecules result. 13. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA by forming bonds between nucleotides. The “-ase” ending signals that it is an enzyme. The first part of the word tells that the enzyme makes DNA by stringing together lots of monomers to form polymers. 14. Replication is the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle. Accept any reasonable answer. Students may compare replication to making copies on a copier. 15. Share the best bumper stickers with the class. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B i From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued SECTION 3. TRANSCRIPTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. SECTION 4. TRANSLATION replication (nucleus) transcription (nucleus) translation (cytoplasm) Contains the sugar ribose Has the bases A, C, G, and T Typically single-stranded RNA polymerase A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other proteins, assembles at the start of a gene and begins to unwind the DNA. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, RNA polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA. The RNA strand detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed, and the DNA zips back together. mRNA: intermediate message that is translated to form a protein; rRNA: forms part of ribosomes; tRNA: brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein Both occur within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, are catalyzed by large enzymes, involve unwinding of the DNA double helix, involve complementary base pairing of the DNA strand, and are highly regulated by the cell. Replication occurs only once during each round of the cell cycle and makes a doublestranded copy of all the DNA in a cell. Transcription occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle to make proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs as needed by a cell. Transcription makes a single-stranded complement of only a particular DNA sequence. mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of protein to make. rRNA is a key component of ribosomes. tRNA transfers, or carries, amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. the process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA 1. the process that converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein 2. sequences of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid 3. RNA 4. the order in which nucleotides are read; they are read as a series of three, nonoverlapping nucleotides 5. arginine (Arg) 6. stop codon 7. UGG 8. glycine (Gly) 9. Ribosomes, tRNA molecules 10. amino acid, anticodon Cycle Diagram: A. An exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA bearing an amino acid. B. the ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids. It breaks the bond between the first amino acid and tRNA. C. the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed. 11. codons 12. anticodon 13. Stop codons indicate where translation is to stop. (Students may mention that methionine is also a start codon.) © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B ii From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SECTION 5. GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION SECTION 6. MUTATIONS 1. point mutation/substitution; frameshift mutation 2. gene duplication; translocation 3. chromosomal mutation 4. chromosomal mutation 5. the attachment of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome 6. Answers will vary. 7. Answers will vary. 8. noncoding regions 9. premature stop codon 10. no change 11. lack of regulation 12. altered splice site 13. germ cells/gametes 14. no 15. an agent in the environment that can change DNA 16. UV light can cause neighboring thymine nucleotides to break their hydrogen bonds to adenine and bond with each other instead. 17. a change in an organism’s DNA 18. a frameshift mutation Diagram legend: exon; intron 1. An exon is a sequence of nucleotides that is expressed in a protein, whereas an intron is an intervening sequence of nucleotides that will be removed during processing. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 3 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 1: Structure of DNA Study Guide B KEY CONCEPT DNA structure is the same in all organisms. VOCABULARY nucleotide base pairing rules double helix MAIN IDEA: DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides. In the space below, draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and arrows. 1. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? _______________________________________________________________ 2. Which parts are the same in all nucleotides? Which part is different? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 4 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued MAIN IDEA: Watson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA’s threedimensional structure. 3. What did Franklin’s data reveal about the structure of DNA? _______________________________________________________________ 4. How did Watson and Crick determine the three-dimensional shape of DNA? _______________________________________________________________ 5. How does DNA base pairing result in a molecule that has a uniform width? _______________________________________________________________ MAIN IDEA: Nucleotides always pair in the same way. 6. What nucleotide pairs with T? with C? _______________________________________________________________ In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds. Vocabulary Check 7. Explain how the DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 8. How do the base pairing rules relate to Chargaff ’s rules? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 5 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 2: DNA Replication Study Guide B KEY CONCEPT DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell. VOCABULARY replication DNA polymerase MAIN IDEA: Replication copies the genetic information. 1. What is DNA replication? _______________________________________________________________ 2. Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell? _______________________________________________________________ 3. When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle? _______________________________________________________________ 4. Why does DNA replication need to occur? _______________________________________________________________ 5. What is a template? _______________________________________________________________ 6. If one strand of DNA had the sequence TAGGTAC, what would be the sequence of the complementary DNA strand? _______________________________________________________________ MAIN IDEA: Proteins carry out the process of replication. 7. What roles do proteins play in DNA replication? _______________________________________________________________ 8. What must be broken for the DNA strand to separate? _______________________________________________________________ 9. Why is DNA replication called semiconservative? _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 6 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued Use words and diagrams to summarize the steps of replication, in order, in the boxes below. 10. _______________ _______________ 11. 12. _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION IS FAST AND ACCURATE. Vocabulary Check 13. Explain what DNA polymerase is by breaking the word into its parts. _______________________________________________________________ 14. Write a short analogy to explain what replication is. _______________________________________________________________ Be Creative 15. People sometimes like to display bumper stickers that relate to their trade or field of study. For example, a chemist may have a bumper sticker that says “It takes alkynes to make the world.” Then, chemists or other people who know that an alkyne is a molecule that contains carbon atoms joined by a triple bond get a nice little chuckle out of the play on words. Use your knowledge of DNA replication to write a bumper sticker. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 7 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 3: Transcription Study Guide B KEY CONCEPT Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule. VOCABULARY messenger RNA (mRNA) RNA ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription transfer RNA (tRNA) RNA polymerase MAIN IDEA: RNA carries DNA’s instructions. Label each of the processes represented by the arrows in the diagram below. Write where each of these processes takes place in a eukaryotic cell in parentheses. 1. _______________ DNA RNA 2. _______________ _______________ Proteins 3. _______________ _______________ ____________ Fill in the table below to contrast DNA and RNA. DNA RNA 4. Contains the sugar deoxyribose 5. Has the bases A, C, G, and U 6. Typically double-stranded © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 8 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued MAIN IDEA: Transcription makes three types of RNA. 7. What enzyme helps a cell to make a strand of RNA? _______________________________________________________________ 8. Summarize the three key steps of transcription. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 9. Write the basic function of each type of RNA in the chart below. Type of RNA Function mRNA rRNA tRNA MAIN IDEA: The transcription process is similar to replication. 10. List two ways that the processes of transcription and replication are similar. _______________________________________________________________ 11. List two ways that the end results of transcription and replication differ. _______________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Check 12. How does the name of each type of RNA tell what it does? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 13. What is transcription? _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 9 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 4: Translation Study Guide B KEY CONCEPT Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein. VOCABULARY translation stop codon codon start codon anticodon MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences. 1. What is translation? _______________________________________________________________ 2. What is a codon? _______________________________________________________________ 3. Would the codons in Figure 5.1(located in chapter 8 of the textbook) be found in a strand of DNA or RNA? _______________________________________________________________ 4. What is a reading frame (look up in textbook)? _______________________________________________________________ Refer to Figure 5.1 (located in chapter 8 of textbook) to complete the table below. Codon Amino Acid or Function 5. AGA 6. UAG 7. tryptophan (Trp) 8. GGA MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are linked to become a protein. 9. _______________ and _______________ are the tools that help a cell translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 10 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued 10. A tRNA molecule is attached to an _______________ at one end and has an _______________ at the other end. Fill in the cycle diagram below to outline the steps of translation. Ribosome assembles on start codon of mRNA strand. A. B. C. When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, it falls apart and the protein is released. Vocabulary Check 11. What are AGG, GCA, and GUU examples of? _______________________________________________________________ 12. What is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon? _______________________________________________________________ 13. What do codons code for in addition to amino acids? _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 11 From DNA to Proteins Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 5: Gene Expression and Regulation Study Guide B KEY CONCEPT Gene expression is carefully regulated in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. VOCABULARY exon intron The diagrams below represent unprocessed and processed mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. Using the diagrams as a reference, fill in the legend with the corresponding element: cap, exon, intron, tail. Legend Unprocessed mRNA Don’t Have to Fill In Processed mRNA Don’t Have to Fill In Vocabulary Check 1. What is the difference between an exon and an intron? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 12 From DNA to Proteins Section 6: Gene Expression and Regulation Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 6: Mutations Study Guide B KEY CONCEPT Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. VOCABULARY mutation frameshift mutation point mutation mutagen MAIN IDEA: Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome. 1. List two types of gene mutations. _______________________________________________________________ 2. List two types of chromosomal mutations. _______________________________________________________________ 3. Which type of mutation affects more genes, a gene mutation or a chromosomal mutation? _______________________________________________________________ 4. What leads to gene duplication? _______________________________________________________________ 5. What is a translocation? _______________________________________________________________ Below is a string of nucleotides. (1) Use brackets to indicate the reading frame of the nucleotide sequence. (2) Copy the nucleotide sequence into the first box and make a point mutation. Circle the mutation. (3) Copy the nucleotide sequence into the second box and make a frameshift mutation. Use brackets to indicate how the reading frame would be altered by the mutation. AGGCGTCCATGA 6. 7. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 13 From DNA to Proteins 12. Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued MAIN IDEA: Mutations may or may not affect phenotype. Fill in the cause-and-effect diagram below to explain how a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype. nonfunctional protein coding regions Point mutations result in 9. 10. may occur in 11. result in 8. 12. no change 13. For a mutation to be passed to offspring, in what type of cell must it occur? _______________________________________________________________ MAIN IDEA: Mutations can be caused by several factors. 14. Can DNA polymerase catch and correct every replication error? _______________________________________________________________ 15. What is a mutagen? _______________________________________________________________ 16. How does UV light damage the DNA strand? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Check 17. What is a mutation? _______________________________________________________________ 18. If a nucleotide is deleted from a strand of DNA, what type of mutation has occurred? _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 14 From DNA to Proteins