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Review: DNA, Transcription, Translation
Directions: Use this as a study guide for your next exam. Typically 80-90% of the exam
questions come from this sheet. Other questions may come from labs, online activities
and news articles which have been discussed in class.
DNA and Chromosomes
1)
What does DNA stand for?
2)
What is the shape of DNA?
3)
Define Gene.
4)
Define Chromosome.
5)
What are the parts of a DNA nucleotide?
a.
b.
c.
6)
What are the 4 bases found in DNA and which ones form pairs or are
“complementary”? Give full names
7)
How did Griffith show that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity
rather than a protein?
8)
Describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment which helped prove that DNA was
the molecule of Heredity. Explain how they used radioactive markers to test
their hypothesis.
9)
Why did Erwin Chargaff find that in DNA samples from all animals, the ratio
of guanine to cytosine was the same and the ratio of adenine to thymine was
the same?
10)
What was Rosalind Franklin’s contribution to our understanding of the DNA
molecule?
11)
What were James Watson and Francis Crick’s contribution to our
understanding of the DNA molecule?
12)
What happens in DNA replication? Describe the process in detail.
Transcription and translation
13. What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) ?
14. How is RNA different from DNA. List three ways.
15. Where are proteins synthesized (in the process of translation) and how is this done?
Explain each step.
16. Transcribe the following DNA code into RNA
DNA: A G G C T T A G C
RNA:_____________________
17. Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide
resulting from this RNA strand.
___________ ________________
_________________
18. What is a mutation?
19. Explain the difference between a “point” mutation and a “frameshift” mutation. Give
an example .
20. Why is the substitution of one DNA letter in a gene not as big of a problem as the
deletion or insertion of a letter in the gene. Explain.
21. What happens in a “translocation” mutation on a chromosome? Explain.
22. What is a Karyotype?
Skill: If shown a Karyotype, be able to determine if there is a chromosomal abnormality,
as well as the gender of the person. See lab.
23. What causes the following conditions?
A. Down’s Syndrome?
B. Turner’s Syndrome,
C. Klinefelter’s syndrome,
D. fragile X disease.
24. What is a “Hox” gene. What do these genes control? What could theoretically
happen if the gene for a fly antennae were inserted into the human gene for the
head?
25.
26. Identify the labeled structures below. Explain what process is shown. How does it
work?