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DNA REVIEW Pre-AP Biology Name _______________________ Date________________________ 1. Be able to explain the process of DNA replication. You can do so with words or a word picture combination. 1. DNA “unzips” 2. New DNA nucleotides move in and joined to open bases on both exposed strands 3. Two new strands of DNA result…each with ½ of the original DNA When does replication of chromosomes take place in the cell cycle? S stage of interphase 2. Know these people and their contributions: James Watson and Francis Crick— made the 1st correct model of the DNA molecule Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins—Worked with X-ray crystallography and created X-ray images of DNA strands. Pictures showed DNA to be a double helix molecule. 3. Where are covalent bonds found in DNA? Everywhere except between the bases in the middle of the molecule Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA? Why are they located there? Between the bases in the center of the molecule. These bonds will break easier to allow for replication and transcription 4. What are the monomers( individual units) in the DNA molecule? (these are also called the building blocks of DNA!) NUCLEOTIDES 5. Know who received the Nobel prize for the work with DNA in 1962. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins Who did not receive an award with the others and why? Rosalind Franklin: she had passed away before the awards were given 6. What are the three parts of every nucleotide? Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base 8. What sugar is found in DNA? Deoxyribose What category of sugar is it? 5 carbon sugar 9. Name the four bases in DNA Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine Know the definition of complementary basesBases that match together Put the complementary bases together. ADENINE goes with THYMINE GUANINE goes with CYTOSINE 10. Be able to explain three reasons the bases are paired together the way they were by Watson and Crick ( hint-one has to do with sizes of the bases, bonds, and diameter) Reason A =. Because the amount of A should equal the amount of T AND the amount of G should equal the amount of C. Reason B = You must always put a large base with a small base Purine ( A and G) with a Pyrimidine ( T and C) Reason C= Because both A and T with double bond and C and G will triple bond 10. What is the ultimate purpose of DNA?? ( what does it do for us??) DNA provides the codes for making all of our proteins 11. What are purines? Large double ringed bases Name the two bases which are purines. Adenine and Guanine 12. What are pyrimidines? Smaller single ringed bases Name the two bases which are pyrimidines : Thymine and Cytosine 13. What is the term for the shape of the DNA molecule? double helix What everyday object is the shape often compared to?_ladder_____ 14. Be able to label an actual picture of a DNA molecule. You will have to identify phosphates, sugars, and each type of base. **remember on the bases to look at the size of the molecule –(single or double ring) AND the number of bond lines between the bases ( two or three lines) EXAMPLE: Cytosine Guanine Adenine hydrogen bond Sugar Phosphate Thymine 15. Know Chargaff’s rule. _______ADENINE______always equals ______THYMINE__________ And _______CYTOSINE_____always equals ______GUANINE__________ 16. Know what DNA stands for ---spelling must be correct. Deoxyribonucleic Acid 17. If given a sequence of DNA bases, you can provide the matching strand. Example: if the DNA base sequence on the right side of the model is AGGCTTA, what is the matching DNA sequence on the left? TCCGAAT ** be able to match any types of strands together: DNA to DNA, DNA to mRNA, mRNA to tRNA 18. Be able to number correctly the carbons in a deoxyribose sugar molecule. **see picture What always attaches to carbon #1? A nitrogen Base What attaches to carbon #3? The phosphate of the next nucleotide to join the strand What attaches to carbon #5? The phosphate of this nucleotide. 19. Name the three base code found on : DNA = codon ( or triplet) mRNA = codon tRNA = anticodon ALL of these are codes for what? 20. A single amino acid Be able to label the parts of the process below. Amino acid, tRNA, anticodon, mRNA , codon, peptide bonds, protein A protein Peptide bond An amino acid tRNA mRNA anticodon codon Name this process ___Translation______ Where does this take place? At a ribosome in the cytoplasm What is the product created at the end of this process? One protein molecule 21. Be able to complete a chart like this one showing the conversions between the different nucleic acids. DNA mRNA tRNA amino acid coded for GGC CCG TAC AUG TTT_ AAA GGC Proline UAC Methionine UUU Lysine **be able to match complementary strands of nucleic acids **be able to use an amino acid chart like the wheel on the handout Or the chart form like in your notes. 22. What does tRNA transport? Each caries one amino acid molecule Where does it take it to? a ribosome What does tRNA do when its job is finished? Leaves and goes to find another molecule of the same amino acid 23 Uracil is the complement to what other base? Thymine 24 The proteins are made by which cell organelle? The ribosomes This organelle is made of proteins along with which type of RNA? Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 25 What type of bond forms between the amino acids linked together in a protein? A peptide bond What is a polypeptide? A protein molecule ( it is made from many peptide bonds) 26 Describe at least three STRUCTURAL differences between DNA and RNA a. DNA = 2 strands of nucleotides RNA = single strand of nucleotides b. DNA = uses deoxyribose sugar RNA = uses ribose sugar c. DNA = uses the base Thymine RNA = uses the base Uracil 27 Proteins are made of what units? Amino Acids 28 Be able to name the three types of RNA and describe the role/job of each in the cell. Name Role/Job a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the DNA genes and goes to ribosome b. Transfer RNA delivers an amino acid molecule to the ribosome c. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (tRNA) used to form the ribosomes 29 What is a gene? A complete “code” for making one particular type of protein 30 Be able to figure out what type of changes can be expected if a nucleic acid base sequence is mutated in some way –such as this example: AGAUCUAGU---------- AGAUGUAGU original mRNA mutated mRNA (this is an example of a point mutation, or a substitution hint: could be things like amino acids will be different, OR protein will change, OR even no change in amino acids will occur. 31. Why is the order of the bases important in DNA? The sequence of bases codes for the amino acids AND their placement in a protein. Change the base and you could change the amino acid being chosen and the protein being made! 32. Know the types of mutations ______Insertions_____________ are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA ______Deletions _____________ are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted. is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single chemical letter such as switching an A to a G. A _point mutation (substitution)_ Circle the correct choice If a substitution causes the codon to code for a different amino acid it will/will not cause a change in the protein produced. But, if the substitution ends up coding for the same amino acid as before, it will/will not cause a change in the final protein 33. Know and be able to describe the process of transcription AND translation!!!!! Fill in the missing information regarding the transcription and translation process Transcription To begin the process, the DNA will _______”unzip”__________. Then, RNA nucleotides will move in and join to one side of the DNA strand. The nucleotides will continues copying the DNA until a____stop___ code is reached. This process results in the creation of a single strand of __mRNA____ which will then peel off the DNA, leave the nucleus and go out into the cytoplasm to a ______ribosome__________. The DNA strand will then ______rezip_(rejoin)_________. Translation The _____tRNA______ molecules will travel through the cytoplasm finding and bringing ______amino acids_________ to the ribosomes. The ribosome will then match the ____codon____ of the mRNA nucleotide to the _____anticodon____of the tRNA nucleotide. The ____amino acids______ will bond together and break free of the tRNA creating the final product, a _______protein________ molecule.