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Notes 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Organelles : “________________________________________” inside a eukaryotic cell that perform
important cellular functions. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into 2 major parts:
the___________________ & the ___________________.
Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
cyto- = _____________
-plasm: _______________ _______________in cell
The Nucleus: “_________________________” containing nearly all the cell's _________ (usually
visible as granular material called___________________________) and the coded instructions
for making __________________and other important molecules.

Ribosomes: Ribosomes are small particles of _______and protein found throughout the
___________________ and on the________________________________________________. One of the
most important jobs carried out in cell is_________________________– “____________________”
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: ER (for short) _________________________of ER: _____________ and___________
depending on if they have ___________________or not “______________________”
Golgi Apparatus appears as a ________________ of closely apposed membranes; modifies,
sorts, and ____________________________and other materials from the ER for
_______________in the cell or _____________outside the cell. “______________Center”
Lysosomes : small organelles filled with ________________ that__________________, or
breaks down, _______________, ___________________, and ______________ into small
molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Also breaks down old useless organelles
removing “junk” that might otherwise accumulate and clutter up the cell. “__________ ____”
Vacuole: ______________________such as _______salts, proteins, & __________________.
Central Vacuole: ___________________ vacuole filled with liquid in _______________cells helps in cell ________________.
Vacuoles are also found in some __________________ organisms & in some ___________.
The ______________________contains a _______________ ______________that pumps
excess water out of the cell.
Mitochondria: nearly all __________________ cells contain mitochondria - ______________
the chemical _______________stored in ___________ - (glucose) C6H12O6 into compounds
(______) that are more convenient for the cell to use. The “_____________ Plant” of a cell.
Chloroplasts In __________________and some other organisms. Capture energy from
___________________and convert it into chemical energy (glucose) C6H12O6
in___________________________. Contain the ______________pigment_________________.
A little history about Mitochondria and the Chloroplasts – The _____________________________theory
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own ________________ other organelles ________________.
Some scientists theorize they are the descendants of ancient prokaryotes that evolved a _________________
relationship inside early cells. Some had the ability to use oxygen to _________________________and
evolved into mitochondria. Others carried out __________________________and evolved into chloroplasts.
The cytoskeleton is a network of _____________________________that helps the cell to maintain
its__________________ - also involved in__________________________________ -made up of:
__________________________
and
__________________________
Centrioles are located near the ___________________ and help to organize _______________________
In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA is usually visible as
a dense region called the nucleolus.
the nuclear envelope.
granular material called chromatin.
condensed bodies called chloroplasts.
Two functions of vacuoles are storing materials and helping to
break down organelles.
assemble proteins.
maintain homeostasis.
make new organelles.
Chloroplasts are found in the cells of
plants only.
plants and some other organisms.
all eukaryotes.
most prokaryotes.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
synthesize proteins.
modify proteins.
sort proteins.
package proteins.
Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?
manufactures new cell organelles
assists in movement of some cells from one place to another
releases energy in cells
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
Notes 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Organelles : structures inside a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions.
Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus.
cyto- = cell
-plasm = fluid material in cell
The Nucleus: cells control center containing nearly all the cell's DNA (usually visible as
granular material called chromatin) and the coded instructions for making proteins and other
important molecules.

Ribosomes: Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the
cytoplasm. One of the most important jobs carried out in the cell is making proteins.
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. “Protein Factories”
Endoplasmic Reticulum – ER (for short) two types of ER—rough and smooth depending on if they have
ribosomes or not “Canal System”
Golgi Apparatus appears as a stack of closely apposed membranes. modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in
the cell or secretion outside the cell. “packaging Center”
Lysosomes : small organelles filled with enzymes that digests, or breaks down, lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.
Also breaks down old useless organelles removing “junk” that might otherwise accumulate
and clutter up the cell. “Suicide Sac”
Vacuole: store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Central Vacuole: single vacuole filled with liquid which aids in cell support in many plant
cells.
Vacuoles are also found in some unicellular organisms and in some animals.
Mitochondria: nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert
the chemical energy stored in food into compounds more convenient for the cell to use.
Chloroplasts In plants and some other organisms. Capture energy from sunlight and convert it
into chemical energy (glucose) C6H12O6 in photosynthesis.
The paramecium (single celled protest) contains a contractile vacuole that pumps excess
water out of the cell.
A little history about Mitochondria and the Chloroplasts – The endosymbiotic theory
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA molecules – other organelles don’t.
Some scientists theorize they are the descendants of ancient prokaryotes that evolved a symbiotic
relationship inside early cells. Some had the ability to use oxygen to generate ATP and evolved into
mitochondria. Others carried out photosynthesis and evolved into chloroplasts. This idea is called the
endosymbiotic theory.
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton
is also involved in movement.
The cytoskeleton is made up of:
 microfilaments
 microtubules
Centrioles are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division.
In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA is usually visible as
a dense region called the nucleolus.
the nuclear envelope.
granular material called chromatin.
condensed bodies called chloroplasts.
Two functions of vacuoles are storing materials and helping to
break down organelles.
assemble proteins.
maintain homeostasis.
make new organelles.
Chloroplasts are found in the cells of
plants only.
plants and some other organisms.
all eukaryotes.
most prokaryotes.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
synthesize proteins.
modify proteins.
sort proteins.
package proteins.
Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?
manufactures new cell organelles
assists in movement of some cells from one place to another
releases energy in cells
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins