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Word/ Phrase Adenine Allele Official Definition The sugar and phosphate group are identical in all DNA nucleotides. However, the nitrogenous base may be any one of four different kinds – thymine, cytosine, adenine, or guanine. Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as adenine and guanine, are called purines. In My Own Words A purine base, C5H5N5, that is a component involved in base pairing with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA. One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. The gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). Chromatid One of the two strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during meiosis or mitosis. During the S phase, when the chromosome replicate 2 chromatids form Cross-over The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination Cytosine The sugar and phosphate group are identical in all DNA nucleotides. However, the nitrogenous base may be any one of four different kinds – thymine, cytosine, adenine, or guanine. Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as cytosine and thymine, are called pyrimidines. Dihybrid The offspring of a dihybrid cross are called dihybrids. A dihybrid cross is a Portions of chromatids may break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome – a procees called crossing-over which allows genetic recombination. A pyrimidine base that is a component of DNA and RNA, forming a base pair with guanine. Chemical formula: C4H5N3O. RY ry RrYy ry RrYy ry RrYy ry RrYy cross in which two characteristics are tracked. Diploid A cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes F1 Cross First filial: when the P generation crosses F2 Cross Second filial: when the F1 generation crosses The entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits One of the four main nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes Genotype Guanine Haploid Heterozygous Homozygous Incomplete Dominance Karyotype Describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait Describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes A condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual’s two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully A micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during metaphase; a graphical display that shows an individual’s chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy This Punnett square is a dihybrid cross of a homozygous recessive (rryy) and a homozygous dominant (RRYY). Diploid means that there is the full number of chromosomes whereas haploid means that there is half the number of chromosomes. True breeding (P generation) x True breeding (P generation) = F1 generation The self pollination of the F1 generation = the F2 generation An F2 cross is the cross between the F1 generation that was produced. The genetic makeup (ex. PP, Pp, pp) One of the four nitrogenous bases which is a purine Two alleles in the pair are different : one dominant, one recessive (ex. Pp) Both alleles of a pair are like: both dominant, both recessive (ex. PP, pp) The F1 offspring will have a phenotype in between that of the parents (ex. When red flowering four o’clocks are crossed with white flowering four o’clocks, all of the F1 offspring has pink flowers) An organized profile of an individual’s chromosomes Nitrogen base Nucelotide Pedigree Phenotype Polygenic Purine Pyrimidine Replication Recombinant Tetrad Test-cross An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA In a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family An organism’s appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism’s genotype and the environment Describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes A nitrogenous base that has a doublering structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine A nitrogenous base that has a singlering structure; on e of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil The basis for biological inheritance, is a fundamental process occurring in all living organisms to copy their DNA DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources The four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis The crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype Contains nitrogen (N) atoms and carbon (C) atoms and is a base (accepts hydrogen ions) Both DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of linked monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of three main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogenous base. A document to record ancestry Organism’s appearance (ex. Purple, white, etc.) A characteristic pertaining to two or more genes (ex. Eye color is polygenic: It is by determined by a number of genes) One of the two categories of nitrogenous bases found in RNA or DNA; has a double ringed structure One of the two categories of nitrogenous bases found in RNA or DNA; has a single ringed structure The copying of DNA Recombinant DNA results when DNA from two different organisms is joined A group of four chromatids formed by synapsis at the beginning of meiosis A cross involving an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype Thymine A pyrimidine base A pyrimidine base Transcription The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains A base that replaces thymine and is present in mRNA The synthesis of RNA by using one strand of DNA as a template Official Definition An environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms Rain that contains a high concentration of acids, often because of the pollution of the atmosphere A large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities An environmental factor that is associated with or results from the activities of living organisms Rivalry An organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources A community of organisms and their abiotic environment In My Own Words Not associated with living organisms Translation Uracil Word/ Phrase Abiotic Acid rain Biome Biotic Competition Consumer Ecosystem Food Chain Global Warming Habitat Niche The pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms An increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect The place where an organism usually lives The unique position occupied by a species, both in terms of its physical use of its habitat and its function Protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and uses codons that code for the amino acids combined by polypeptide chains A base that replaces thymine and is present in mRNA Rain that has high concentrations of acid A community characterized by distinctive plant and animal species and maintained under the climatic conditions of the region Pertaining to life Rivalry An organism, usually an animal, that feeds on plants or other animals A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment The chain from a food source to the ultimate consumer An increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect A special environment for living in over an extended period The position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals Ozone layer Population Producer Succession Water Cycle within an ecological community The layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 15 to 40 km in which ozone absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation A group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed An organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic autotroph that serves as the basic food source in an ecosystem The progressive replacement of one community by another until a climax community is established The continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans The layer of the upper atmosphere where most atmospheric ozone is concentrated, from about 8 to 30 mi A group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular geographic area An organism, as a plant, that is able to produce its own food from inorganic substances The progressive replacement of one community by another until a climax community is established The natural sequence through which water passes into the atmosphere as water vapor, precipitates to earth in liquid or solid form, and ultimately returns to the atmosphere through evaporation