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Biology CPE Final Exam Review
This review sheet provides you with the concepts, vocabulary and techniques we have covered since September.
Please use this as a reference to make your study guide. All information on this review sheet can be found in your
class notes, labs or handouts.
Do not wait until the last minute to review and study for the exam. It is a lot of information!! Extra help should be
scheduled in advance to ensure availability.
Scientific Method & The Science of Biology
 Steps of the scientific method; Hypothesis v. Theory; dependent v. independent variable; control group
 Observations v. Inferences; Qualitative v. Quantitative Observations
 Taking measurements (reading a graduated cylinder, ruler ,thermometer etc.)
 Characteristics of life; Levels of organization
 Lab safety
Basic Chemistry
 Steps of a chemical reaction.
 Proton, neutron, electron
 Ion v. isotope
 Atom v. element v. compound
 ionic bond v. covalent bond
 atomic number, mass number
 endothermic reaction v. exothermic reaction
 acid v. base; pH scale
Biological Molecules
 organic compounds v. inorganic compounds; 6 elements abundant in living things
 importance of water for living things – Why is it needed? How is it used?
 polar molecules v. non-polar molecules
o “like dissolved like”
 cohesion v. adhesion; capillary action
 Functional groups – identify & describe properties
 4 classes of organic macromolecules: functions, elements each contains, monomer/polymer of each
o Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
o Be able to recognize molecular structure based on composition
 Hydrolysis v. dehydration synthesis
Enzymes
 Enzyme as a biological catalyst – Why are enzymes essential for survival?
 Enzyme v. Substrate; active site
 lock and key model v. induced fit model (importance of proper structure with respect to function)
 Denaturation – What does it mean? What can cause it?
Cell Transport
 Membrane structure & function; fluid-mosaic model; phospholipid bi-layer
 selective permeability
 hydrophobic v. hydrophilic – why is the membrane arranged the way it is?
 active v. passive transport
o osmosis/diffusion/facilitated diffusion
o protein pumps/endocytosis/exocytosis
 Effect of tonicity on cells: hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic
o Turgid (turgor pressure), Plasmolysis, Crenation, Cytolysis
Cellular Structure and Function
 Organelle structure & function (nucleus, rough & smooth ER, golgi, mitochondria, chloroplast etc.)
 Importance of folded membranes (i.e. mitochondrial cristae & chloroplast thylakoid)
 Prokaryotic v. eukaryotic cells (primary difference?)
 Plant v. animal cell
Measurement and Microscope
 Identification & function of microscope parts
 Preparation of a wet-mount slide
 Calculating total magnification
 Metric conversion (know where micrometer, µm, falls on the metric scale)
Respiration and Photosynthesis
 Significance of ATP; How is energy stored/released from ATP? (ATP/ADP cycle)
 Aerobic v. anaerobic respiration: equation, key events in each
o Glycolysis/Krebs/E.T.C.
o Importance of oxygen for aerobic respiration (final electron acceptor)
o Lactic acid v. Alcoholic fermentation
 Products of each
 Which is used to make bread rise?
 Light dependent v. Light independent/Calvin Cycle (What is used/made in each)
 Chromatography
 Wavelengths of light and energy absorption; What wavelengths are absorbed best? Why are plants green?
 Mitochondrial & chloroplast structure with respect to events of respiration/photosynthesis
 Cycling of matter v. 1-way flow of energy; How is matter cycled? Why can’t energy cycle?
Cell Cycle
 Events of the cell cycle: (Interphase: G1, S, G2, GO & M-Phase: Mitosis, Cytokinesis)
 Significance of surface area to volume ratio
 Mitosis v. cytokinesis
o PMAT – be able to describe key events and recognize images
o Plant v. animal cell division
 Mitosis v. meiosis
o Haploid v. diploid
o Crossing over
o Gene linkage
o Non-disjunction (karyotyping)
 Chromosome structure: centromere, sister chromatids, double-stranded chromosome, single-stranded chromosome
 Sources of genetic variation in gamete production
Basic Genetics
 Mendel’s principles: dominance, segregation, independent assortment
 Dominant v. Recessive; Heterozygous v. homozygous; genotype v. phenotype; gene v. allele
 Punnett squares: Monohybrid & dihybrid crosses; test crosses; phenotype & genotype ratios
 P v. F1 v. F2 generations
 Complex patterns of inheritance: incomplete & co-dominance, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, sex-linkage
o Why are sex-linked traits more common in males?
 Autosomes v. sex chromosomes; amniocentesis & karyotyping
 Blood typing & pedigrees
Molecular Genetics: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis
 Structure of a nucleotide
 Structure of DNA; base-pairing
 DNA replication
 Central dogma: DNA  RNA  Protein
 DNA v. RNA
 Protein synthesis: transcription & translation
o mRNA v. rRNA v. tRNA
o codon v. anticodon
o genetic code chart – be able to use it to decode an mRNA sequence
 RNA editing: introns/exons; methyl-G cap, poly-A tail
DNA Technology
 Biotechnology v. DNA technology v. recombinant DNA technology
 Goals/uses of transformation & genetic engineering:
o significance of plasmids, restriction enzymes & ligase, “sticky ends”
 GMOs: production, uses, controversy
 Animal cloning: process, controversy
 DNA technology
o PCR
o Electrophoresis: How does it work? What can it be used for?
 How is the data used to identify criminals?
 How are DNA fragments produced?
 How does the electrophoresis chamber separate the DNA fragments?
 Why do individuals have unique DNA fingerprints?
 How can you tell fragment size?
 Regulation of gene expression: (What is gene expression?)
o prokaryotic operons; eukaryotic transcription factors
o Cell differentiation, stem cells, Homeotic genes
Evolution
 What is evolution?
 Darwin’s theory: natural selection, adaptations, survival of the fittest, descent with modification
 Lamarck’s influence – what did he propose? why were his ideas inaccurate?
 Signification of genetic variability; mutations
 Evidence: fossils, homologous, analogous & vestigial structures; embryology; molecular (DNA/AA sequences);
PANGEA
 Microevolution: gene pools
 Genetic drift: founder effect v. bottleneck effect
 Directional, stabilizing & disruptive natural selection
 Gradualism v. Punctuated equilibrium
 Speciation: define a species, reproductive isolation: geographic, temporal & behavioral
Prokaryotes & Viruses
 Miller’s experiment & what it showed.

How & where might life on Earth have begun?
 Difference between Archea and Bacteria
 Anatomy of a bacterial cell
 3 bacterial cell shapes
 How bacteria reproduce by binary fission; asexual or sexual
 Genetic variation through transformation, conjugation & transduction
 When & how do bacteria form endospores?
 How bacteria obtain nutrients
 Importance of cyanobacteria
 Function of bacteria in the biosphere
 Bacterial diseases - examples
 How antibiotics kill bacteria
 Basic structure of a virus; what 2 organic molecules are they made of?
 Are viruses living or nonliving; explain
 Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses
 Viral reproduction; lytic & lysogenic cycles
 Viral diseases - examples
 What is a vaccine & how do they work?