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Biology
Biology Final Exam Review June 2011
This review sheet provides you with the concepts, vocabulary and techniques we have covered since
September. Please use this as a reference to make your study guide. All information on this review sheet
can be found in your class notes, labs or handouts.
Do not wait until the last minute to review and study for the exam. It is a lot of information!! Extra help for
the should be scheduled in advance to ensure availability.
Scientific Method & The Science of Biology
 Steps of the scientific method; Hypothesis v. Theory; dependent v. independent variable; control group
 Observations v. Inferences; Qualitative v. Quantitative Observations
 Characteristics of life; Levels of organization
 Lab safety
Basic Chemistry
 steps of a chemical reaction.
 Proton, neutron, electron
 Ion v. isotope
 Atom v. element v. compound
 ionic bond v. covalent bond
 atomic number, mass number
 endothermic reaction v. exothermic reaction
 acid v. base
Biological Molecules
 organic compounds v. inorganic compounds; 6 elements abundant in living things
 importance of water for living things
 polar molecules v. non-polar molecules
o “like dissolved like”
 cohesion v. adhesion; capillary action
 Functional groups – identify & describe properties
 4 classes of organic macromolecules: functions, elements each contains, monomer/polymer of each
o Carbohydrates
o Lipids
o Proteins
o Nucleic Acids
 Hydrolysis v. dehydration synthesis
Enzymes
 Enzyme as a biological catalyst
 Enzyme v. Substrate; active site
 lock and key model v. induced fit model
 Denaturation
Cell Transport
 membrane structure& function; fluid-mosaic model; phospholipid bi-layer
 selective permeability
 hydrophobic v. hydrophilic
 active v. passive transport
o osmosis/diffusion/facilitated diffusion
o protein pumps/endocytosis/exocytosis
 Effect of tonicity on cells: hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic
Cellular Structure and Function
 Organelle structure & function
 Prokaryotic v. eukaryotic cells
 Plant v. animal cell
Measurement and Microscope
 Function of microscope parts
 Preparation of a wet-mount slide
 Calculating total magnification
 Metric conversion
Respiration and Photosynthesis
 Significance of ATP; ATP/ADP cycle
 Aerobic v. anaerobic respiration: equation, key events in each
o Glycolysis/Krebs/E.T.C.
o Lactic acid v. Alcoholic fermentation
 Oxidation v. reduction
 Light dependent v. Light independent/Calvin Cycle
 Chromatography
 Wavelengths of light and energy absorption
 Mitochondrial & chloroplast structure with respect to events of respiration/photosynthesis
Cell Cycle
 Events of the cell cycle: (G1, S, G2, GO, M)
 Significance of surface area to volume ratio
 Mitosis v. cytokinesis
o PMAT
o Plant v. animal cell division
 Mitosis v. meiosis
o Haploid v. diploid
o Crossing over
o Non-disjunction (karyotyping)
 Chromosome structure: sister chromatids, double-stranded chromosome, single-stranded chromosome
Basic Genetics
 Mendel’s principles: dominance, segregation, independent assortment
 Dominant v. Recessive; Heterozygous v. homozygous; genotype v. phenotype; gene v. allele
 Monohybrid & dihybrid crosses
 Complex patterns of inheritance: incomplete & co-dominance, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, sex-linkage
 Autosomes v. sex chromosomes; amniocentesis & karyotyping
 Blood typing & pedigrees
Molecular Genetics: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis
 Structure of a nucleotide
 Structure of DNA; base-pairing
 DNA replication
 Central dogma: DNA  RNA  Protein
 DNA v. RNA
 Protein synthesis: transcription & translation
o mRNA v. rRNA v. tRNA
o codon v. anticodon
o genetic code chart
 RNA editing: introns/exons; methyl-G cap, poly-A tail
DNA Technology
 Biotechnology v. DNA technology v. recombinant DNA technology
 Goals/uses of transformation & genetic engineering:
o significance of plasmids, restriction enzymes & ligase, “sticky ends”
 GMOs: production, uses, controversy
 Animal cloning: process, controversy
 DNA technology
o PCR
o Electrophoresis: How does it work? What can it be used for?
 Regulation of gene expression: (What is gene expression?)
o prokaryotic operons; eukaryotic transcription factors
o Cell differentiation, stem cells, Homeotic genes
Evolution
 What is evolution?
 Darwin’s theory: natural selection, adaptations, survivial of the fittest, descent with modification
 Lamarck’s influence
 Signification of genetic variability; mutations
 Evidence: fossils, homologous, analogous & vestigial structures; embryology; molecular (DNA/AA
sequences); PANGEA
 Microevolution: gene pools
 Genetic drift: founder effect v. bottleneck effect
 Directional, stabilizing & disruptive natural selection
 Speciation: define a species, reproductive isolation: geographic, temporal & behavioral
Prokaryotes & Viruses
 Miller’s experiment & what it showed.

How & where might life on Earth have begun?
 Difference between Archea and Bacteria
 Anatomy of a bacterial cell
 3 bacterial cell shapes
 How bacteria reproduce by binary fission; asexual or sexual
 Genetic variation through transformation, conjugation & transduction
 When & how do bacteria form endospores?
 How bacteria obtain nutrients
 Importance of cyanobacteria
 Function of bacteria in the biosphere
 Bacterial diseases - examples
 How antibiotics kill bacteria
 Basic structure of a virus; what 2 organic molecules are they made of?
 Are viruses living or nonliving; explain
 Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses
 Viral reproduction; lytic & lysogenic cycles
 Viral diseases - examples
 What is a vaccine & how do they work?