* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Holliday junction wikipedia , lookup
Transcription factor wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Exam 3 Q3 Review Sheet AP Biology Exam 3 will cover: Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapters 32 - 34 Chapters 17 and 18 1. Describe the search for the genetic material of life. Be sure to include the experiments of 1. Griffith, 2. Avery, McCarty and MacLeod, and 3. Hershey and Chase. 2. Describe the history concerning the discovery of the structure of DNA. Be sure to include the findings of Miescher, Levene, Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick. 3. Know the structure of DNA and how to draw the various nucleotides. 4. Explain how DNA is replicated using diagrams and descriptions. Your diagrams should be of a replication bubble, but only put detail on one of the forks as the other is essentially the same. You must include in your discussion 1. energy (where do the enzyme get their ability to catalyze endergonic reactions?) 2. What every protein is doing and why it doing this These words MUST be used in the writing and in the picture: origin of replication, DNA helicase, DNA ligase, RNA primase, Okazaki fragments, single-stranded binding proteins, leading strand, lagging strand, 5’, 3’, topoisomerase (gyrase), ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, template strand, complementary strand, daughter strand, parent strand, RNA primer, and DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I. 5. Explain how nucleotide excision repair works. 6. Describe the role of telomeres in DNA. Why do we need these repeats on the ends of our chromosomes? 7. Describe the process of transcription and translation in a cell using a combination of drawings and text. Make sure every aspect is described from gene to folded protein including energy sources. Watch the videos and look at the figures. Make sure the following words are included and described: RNA polymerase, promoter, transcription unit, terminator, transcription factors, the spliceosome, snurps, ATP, GTP, CTP, TP, nucleotides, introns, exons, 5’, 3’, cap, tail, mRNA, pre-mRNA, splicing, genes, chromosomes, ribosome, P-site, A-site, E-site, tRNA, aa-tRNA, tRNA synthetase, ATP, anticodon, amino acids, transcription initiation, transcription elongation, transcription termination, translation initiation, translation elongation, translation termination, codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation, release factor, nucleus, nuclear pore, start codon, stop codon, codons, polypeptide, 5 to 3 – N to C, antisense strand, sense strand, etc… 8. Make sure you can transcribe and translate a gene if I give you the DNA sequence. 9. Know all the different types of mutations. 10. Compare germline to somatic cell mutations. 11. This sheet is shorter than normally because you can do what I do, which is go through the PowerPoint and book and write questions about every topic. Basically know what is in the PowerPoints and the chapters especially bold words and figures. Use the videos on the virtual cell animations website to help you found under the misc section of the website. Chapter 18 1. Describe how bacteria reproduce. 2. What is the name we give to the region where the bacterial chromosome resides? 3. Describe in detail the three mechanisms of gene transfer and genetic recombination in bacteria (prokaryotes). Conjugation will require the greatest effort here. Be sure to discuss F plasmids, F Factor, F+, F-, sex pili, mating bridge, recombination, etc… 4. What is a plasmid? 5. What is an R plasmid and why are we concerned about these in particular? 6. Describe transposable elements including the simplest type known as insertion sequences and how these compare to the more complex type of transposable element known as the transposon. Which is found only in prokaryotes? 7. Describe the two major methods of regulating metabolic pathways as shown in figure 18.20. 8. What is an operon? 9. Describe the Trp operon and lac operon in detail. How is the activation of these two operons essentially the inverse of each other? See the lac operon video under misc section of website. You will be asked to draw and describe in great detail one of these. 10. Compare a corepressor to an inducer in terms of operons. 11. Explain why the presence of lactose alone is not enough to induce expression of the lac operon in the presence of high glucose concentrations in terms of CAP, camp, adenylyl cyclase, etc… – Fig. 18.23. Chapter 32-34 1. Just study the PowerPoint