Download Exam 1 Q2 Review Sheet

Exam 3 Q3 Review Sheet
AP Biology
Exam 3 will cover:
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapters 32 - 34
Chapters 17 and 18
1. Describe the search for the genetic material of life. Be sure to include the
experiments of 1. Griffith, 2. Avery, McCarty and MacLeod, and 3. Hershey and
Chase.
2. Describe the history concerning the discovery of the structure of DNA. Be sure to
include the findings of Miescher, Levene, Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick.
3. Know the structure of DNA and how to draw the various nucleotides.
4. Explain how DNA is replicated using diagrams and descriptions. Your diagrams
should be of a replication bubble, but only put detail on one of the forks as the
other is essentially the same. You must include in your discussion
1. energy (where do the enzyme get their ability to catalyze endergonic reactions?)
2. What every protein is doing and why it doing this
These words MUST be used in the writing and in the picture: origin of replication, DNA helicase,
DNA ligase, RNA primase, Okazaki fragments, single-stranded binding proteins, leading strand,
lagging strand, 5’, 3’, topoisomerase (gyrase), ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, template strand,
complementary strand, daughter strand, parent strand, RNA primer, and DNA polymerase III,
DNA polymerase I.
5. Explain how nucleotide excision repair works.
6. Describe the role of telomeres in DNA. Why do we need these repeats on the ends
of our chromosomes?
7. Describe the process of transcription and translation in a cell using a combination
of drawings and text. Make sure every aspect is described from gene to folded
protein including energy sources. Watch the videos and look at the figures.
Make sure the following words are included and described: RNA polymerase, promoter,
transcription unit, terminator, transcription factors, the spliceosome, snurps, ATP, GTP, CTP, TP,
nucleotides, introns, exons, 5’, 3’, cap, tail, mRNA, pre-mRNA, splicing, genes, chromosomes,
ribosome, P-site, A-site, E-site, tRNA, aa-tRNA, tRNA synthetase, ATP, anticodon, amino acids,
transcription initiation, transcription elongation, transcription termination, translation initiation,
translation elongation, translation termination, codon recognition, peptide bond formation,
translocation, release factor, nucleus, nuclear pore, start codon, stop codon, codons, polypeptide, 5
to 3 – N to C, antisense strand, sense strand, etc…
8. Make sure you can transcribe and translate a gene if I give you the DNA
sequence.
9. Know all the different types of mutations.
10. Compare germline to somatic cell mutations.
11. This sheet is shorter than normally because you can do what I do, which is go
through the PowerPoint and book and write questions about every topic. Basically
know what is in the PowerPoints and the chapters especially bold words and
figures. Use the videos on the virtual cell animations website to help you found
under the misc section of the website.
Chapter 18
1. Describe how bacteria reproduce.
2. What is the name we give to the region where the bacterial chromosome resides?
3. Describe in detail the three mechanisms of gene transfer and genetic
recombination in bacteria (prokaryotes). Conjugation will require the greatest
effort here. Be sure to discuss F plasmids, F Factor, F+, F-, sex pili, mating
bridge, recombination, etc…
4. What is a plasmid?
5. What is an R plasmid and why are we concerned about these in particular?
6. Describe transposable elements including the simplest type known as insertion
sequences and how these compare to the more complex type of transposable
element known as the transposon. Which is found only in prokaryotes?
7. Describe the two major methods of regulating metabolic pathways as shown in
figure 18.20.
8. What is an operon?
9. Describe the Trp operon and lac operon in detail. How is the activation of these
two operons essentially the inverse of each other? See the lac operon video under
misc section of website. You will be asked to draw and describe in great detail
one of these.
10. Compare a corepressor to an inducer in terms of operons.
11. Explain why the presence of lactose alone is not enough to induce expression of
the lac operon in the presence of high glucose concentrations in terms of CAP,
camp, adenylyl cyclase, etc… – Fig. 18.23.
Chapter 32-34
1. Just study the PowerPoint