Download Comp 5a Packet

#: ___ Scientist’s Name: _____________________
Competency 5 - Demonstrate an understanding of the
molecular basis of heredity.
a. Analyze and explain the molecular basis of heredity and the inheritance of traits to successive
generations by using the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. (DOK 3)
 Structures of DNA and RNA
 Processes of replication, transcription, and translation
 Messenger RNA codon charts
c. Examine inheritance patterns using current technology (e.g., pedigrees, karyotypes, gel
electrophoresis). (DOK 2)
d. Discuss the characteristics and implications of both chromosomal and gene mutations. (DOK 2)
 Significance of nondisjunction, deletion, substitutions, translocation, and frame shift
mutation in animals
 Occurrence & significance of genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs
disorder, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Downs Syndrome, color blindness)
Chapters 12 & 13 (Textbook); Section 12 (DaBook)
DNA & Replication ~ PowerPoint Questions
History of DNA
1. Early scientists believed that _________ was the genetic material of the cell. Explain why.
2. Proteins are made of 20 different ________________.
3. Long chains of amino acids make up _________________.
4. Fred Griffith worked with what type of bacteria?
5. What did he find to be true after his experiments with the S and R strains of bacteria?
6. This process of picking up DNA from the environment is called ______________.
7. Did Griffith's experiment prove DNA was the genetic material?
8. What 2 main things make up chromosomes?
9. What did Hershey and Chase use in their experiments to prove DNA was the cell's genetic material?
10. What scientists showed the amount of the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?
11. Name the bases and their amounts found in somatic or body cells of humans.
12. What bases are complementary (pair with each other) on DNA?
13. What type of bonds join base pairs on DNA?
14. Are these strong or weak bonds?
15. What was Rosalind Franklin's contribution to finding DNA's structure?
16. Who built the first model of DNA and what did they use to help get the correct measurements for
the molecule?
DNA Structure
17. DNA is two coiled strands known as a ___________________.
18. What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?
19. What bonds the deoxyribose sugars to the phosphate groups?
20. Where are the nitrogen bases found on DNA & how are they bonded?
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21. Most DNA has a ________ twist with ______ base pairs in a complete turn.
22. DNA stands for ___________________________.
23. ______________ are the subunits making up DNA.
24. Draw & label the 3 parts of a nucleotide.
25. Why is deoxyribose called a pentose sugar?
26. Double ring nitrogen bases are called _______, while single ring nitrogen bases are called _______.
27. Name the purines.
28. Name the pyrimidines.
29. Purines will only pair with ________________.
30. __________ hydrogen bonds are required to join guanine to cytosine, while only ________ bonds
join adenine to thymine.
31. If there is 30% adenine, how much cytosine is present?
DNA Replication
32. Cells must copy their DNA before they do what? Explain why.
33. During what part of the cell cycle is DNA copied?
34. In eukaryotes, where are the copies of DNA made?
35. The process of copying DNA is known as DNA ________________.
36. Replication of DNA begins at points called __________________________.
37. The two DNA strands ____ at origins of replication forming Y-shaped areas called ____.
38. New DNA strands grow at the _____________.
39. As the two strands open at the origins of replication, replication _____________ form.
40. Prokaryotic chromosomes have a ___________ replication bubble, while eukaryotic cells have
___________ bubbles.
41. What enzyme uncoils DNA so it can be replicated or copied?
42. What other job does this enzyme perform?
43. DNA ______________ is the enzyme that adds new complementary base pairs.
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44. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to what end of the DNA molecule?
45. Sketch half of a replication bubble. Label the point of origin and the replication fork. Draw two
arrows showing the leading strand and the lagging strand.
46. DNA polymerase initially makes how many errors?
47. Proofreading enzymes correct mistakes in DNA to a one in _______ base pairing errors?
48. Explain the semiconservative model for DNA replication.
49. Who developed this idea about replication?
50. Chemicals and _____________ radiation can damage DNA in our body cells so it must be
________________ repaired.
51. What 2 enzymes replace damaged sections of DNA and rebind the molecule?
Protein Synthesis ~ PowerPoint Questions
DNA and Genes
1. What are genes and what do they code for?
2. Proteins are made of chains of _______________.
3. How do cells use proteins?
4. The subunits making up polypeptides are called _________________.
5. How many amino acids exist?
6. Sketch and label the basic structure of an amino acid.
7. The group that makes amino acids different from each other & gives the amino acid its unique
properties is called the ___________ group.
8. DNA is found in the ____________ of a cell and begins the process of making a _______________.
9. Where are proteins made?
10. Describe the two types of ribosomes.
11. The first step in making a protein is to make a copy of ___________ in the nucleus.
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RNA
12. What nucleic acid contains the master code for making proteins?
13. What nucleic acids acts as a blueprint in copying the master code?
14. Compare and contrast the sugars on DNA and RNA.
15. Compare and contrast the nitrogen bases on DNA and RNA.
16. RNA is made of a ____________ strand, while DNA is a ___________ stranded molecule.
17. What base replaces thymine on RNA?
18. Name the 3 types of RNA molecules.
19. What is the function of mRNA?
20. What is the function of rRNA?
21. What is the function of tRNA?
22. Describe the shape of mRNA.
23. How does mRNA get out of the nucleus once it has copied DNA's instructions?
24. What bases pair together on RNA?
25. How long is mRNA?
26. What is a codon?
27. Methionine is called the __________ codon & is represented by the bases ________.
28. Name the 3 stop codons.
29. How long in rRNA?
30. What is the shape of rRNA?
31. What two things make up ribosomes?
32. What process occurs at the ribosomes?
33. Each codon stands for an _______________.
34. Can amino acids have more than one codon?
35. There are ______ amino acids and ______ possible codons.
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36. How do you read the circular genetic codon table?
37. Use the genetic codon table and name these amino acids:
GGG?
UCA?
CAU?
GCA?
AAA?
38. Name the complementary bases on DNA.
39. Name the complementary bases on RNA.
40. What is the shape of tRNA?
41. What can attach to one end of a tRNA molecule for transport?
42. Opposite the attachment site on tRNA are 3 nucleotide bases called the ______________.
43. Make a sketch of a tRNA molecule with its attachment site and anticodon labeled.
44. A codon on mRNA is complementary to an _____________ on tRNA.
45. What anticodon is complementary to the codon - ACU?
Transcription and Translation
46. Sketch the pathway to making a protein.
47. Define protein synthesis.
48. Name the 2 phases of protein synthesis.
49. Before mRNA can leave the nucleus it must be _____________ in order to correctly make proteins.
50. Define transcription and tell where it occurs.
51. What RNA copies DNA?
52. Are both strands of DNA copied?
53. What enzyme is required to copy DNA?
54. The DNA strand that is copied is called the _____________ strand.
55. What would be the complementary RNA sequence for the DNA sequence- 5'- GCGTATG-3'?
56. What enzyme separates the DNA strands in transcription?
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57. RNA polymerase adds complementary ____________ to the DNA template strand.
58. ___________ are regions on DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
59. The promoter contains a sequence called the _________ box.
60. Other sequences on DNA called ______ signals tell the RNA polymerase when to stop transcribing.
61. Newly made mRNA must be _________ to make the nucleic acid functional.
62. What are introns & what happens to them during mRNA processing?
63. What are exons and what happens to them during mRNA processing?
64. Describe the cap that is added to the new mRNA transcript.
65. What type of tail is added to the mRNA transcript?
66. The new mRNA transcripts is made of _________ with a 5' ________ and a 3' __________ tail.
67. What happens next to the newly made mRNA?
68. Define translation & tell where it occurs?
69. How do ribosomes read mRNA?
70. Describe the structure of a ribosome.
71. Ribosomes are composed of ________ rRNA and ________ protein.
72. Ribosomes have 2 tRNA sites called _______ and ______ along with an exit site.
73. The first part of translation is called ____________.
74. The small ribosomal subunit attaches to what codon on mRNA?
75. Once the mRNA and small subunit attach, what happens next?
76. Sketch an label a ribosome with both its subunits, its 2 tRNA sites, & the attached mRNA transcript.
77. The ______________ moves along the mRNA strand ________ codon at a time.
78. How many tRNA's will fit into a ribosome at one time?
79. What happens to the two amino acids carried by the 2 tRNA's inside a ribosome?
80. The joining of amino acids by ______ bonds is the second part of translation called _________.
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81. Once an amino acid is joined to the growing polypeptide chain, the tRNA leaves the
_______________ to pick up another ________________.
82. When a tRNA leaves the ribosome, the ribosome moves down the _________ strand allowing
another ________ and its amino acid to enter.
83. each time the ribosome moves, it moves over _________ codon.
84. The last stage of translation is called _______________.
85. Name the 3 termination codons.
86. The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is called the ____________ protein structure.
Nucleic Acids
DNA - The Double Helix
Recall that the nucleus is a small spherical, dense body in a cell. It is often called the "control
center" because it controls all the activities of the cell including cell reproduction, and heredity.
Chromosomes are microscopic, threadlike strands composed of the chemical DNA (short for
deoxyribonucleic acid). In simple terms, DNA controls the production of proteins within the cell.
These proteins in turn, form the structural units of cells and control all chemical processes within the
cell. Think of proteins as the building blocks for an organism, proteins make up your skin, your hair,
and parts of individual cells. The proteins that are made largely determine how you look. The
proteins that will be made for your body are determined by the sequence of DNA in the nucleus.
What important polymer is located in the nucleus? _______________
___________ is the instructions for making a cell's ______________.
Chromosomes are composed of genes, which is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular
protein, which in turn codes for a trait. Hence you hear it commonly referred to as the gene for
baldness or the gene for blue eyes. Meanwhile, DNA is the chemical in which genes and chromosomes
are made. DNA is called a nucleic acid because it was first found in the nucleus. We now know that
DNA is also found in some organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is the DNA in the
nucleus that actually controls the cell's workings.
_______ on chromosomes code for specific ___________ in a cell.
DNA is also found in _____________ and ____________.
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick established the structure of DNA. The shape of DNA is
a double helix, which is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar
and phosphate molecules. The sugar is a pentose called deoxyribose. Color all the phosphates pink
(one is labeled with a "p"). Color all the deoxyribose sugars blue (one is labeled with a "D").
What is meant by a double helix? ____________________________
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Who was Rosalind Franklin?
Name a pentose sugar. _________________
The sides of DNA are made of _____________ and ______________.
The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. The bases are known by their
coded letters --- A, G, T, and C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to
thymine. Guanine will only bond with cytosine. This is known as the "Base-Pair Rule." The bases can
occur in any order along a strand of DNA. The order of these bases is the code that contains the
instructions. For instance, ATGCACATA would code for a different gene than AATTACGGA. A strand
of DNA contains millions of bases. (For simplicity, the image only contains a few.)
What makes up the "rungs" of DNA? ____________________
What will pair with adenine? _____________
Color the thymines orange.
Color the adenines green.
Color the guanines purple.
Color the cytosines yellow.
***Note that that the bases attach to the sides of the ladder at the sugars and not the phosphate.
The DNA helix is actually made of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of
three molecules: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate, which links the sugars together, and then one of
the four bases. Two of the bases are purines - adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and
cytosine. Note that the pyrimidines are single ringed and the purines are double ringed. Color the
nucleotides using the same colors as you colored them in the double helix.
Nucleotides are made of a pentose ___________, a ____________, and a nitrogencontaining __________.
Name 2 bases with double C-N rings. ____________________
The two sides of the DNA ladder are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds. The DNA can
actually "unzip" when it needs to replicate - or make a copy of itself. DNA needs to copy itself when a
cell divides, so that the new cells each contain a copy of the DNA. Without these instructions, the new
cells wouldn't have the correct information. The hydrogen bonds are represented by small circles.
Color the hydrogen bonds grey.
____________ bonds between bases must be broken to copy DNA.
Copying DNA to make two, identical DNA molecule is called ____________.
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Messenger RNA
So, now, we know the nucleus controls the cell's activities through the chemical DNA, but
how? It is the sequence of bases that determine which protein is to be made. The sequence is like a
code that we can now interpret. The sequence determines which proteins are made and the proteins
determine which activities will be performed. This is how the nucleus is the control center of the cell.
The only problem is that the DNA is too big to go through the nuclear pores so a chemical is used to
read the DNA in the nucleus. That chemical is messenger RNA (mRNA). The messenger RNA (mRNA)
is small enough to go through the nuclear pores. It takes the "message" of the DNA to the ribosomes
and "tells them" what proteins are to be made. Recall that proteins are the body's building blocks.
Imagine that the code taken to the ribosomes is telling the ribosome what is needed - like a recipe.
Messenger RNA is similar to DNA, except that it is a single strand, and it has NO thymine. Instead of
thymine, mRNA contains the base Uracil. In addition to that difference, mRNA has the sugar ribose
instead of deoxyribose. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. Color the mRNA as you did the DNA,
except Color the ribose a DARKER BLUE, and the uracil brown.
mRNA has a ____________ strand of nucleotides.
__________ replaces __________ on RNA.
_________ is the pentose sugar on RNA.
__________, not DNA can leave the nucleus through ________ in the nuclear envelope.
Proteins are made at the _____________.
The Blueprint of Life
Every cell in your body has the same "blueprint" or the same DNA. Like the blueprints of a
house tell the builders how to construct a house, the cellular DNA "blueprint" tells the cell how to build
the organism. Yet, how can a heart be so different from a brain if all the cells contain the same
instructions? Although much work remains in genetics, it has become apparent that a cell has the
ability to turn off most genes and only work with the genes necessary to do a job. We also know that
a lot of DNA apparently is nonsense and codes for nothing. These regions of DNA that do not code
for proteins are called "introns," or sometimes "junk DNA.” The sections of DNA that do actually code
for proteins are called "exons."
__________ are non-coding segments of DNA.
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DNA Molecule
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