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Transcript
Science 8 – 6 Discovering Cells – Notes Name ________________________ Date _________________________ Think about this…Imagine that you are in California standing next to a giant redwood tree. You have to bend your head way back to see the top of the tree. How do you thing redwoods grow so large? How do they carry out all the functions necessary to stay alive? We will be using this example to learn about ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Organelles Tiny cell structures, called __________________________________________, carry out specific functions within the cell. Similar to the way your stomach, lungs, and heart have different functions in your body, ________________________________________________________________________ Cell Wall Entering a plant’s cell is a bit difficult. You must first ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ A cell wall is a ________________________________________________________that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. The cell wall is made of a __________________________________________________. Think of a _______________________________________ and you will have a good idea of what cellulose is. Celery contains a lot of cellulose. The cells of ________________________________________________________ lack cell walls. The plant’s cell wall helps _________________________________________________. This is why the giant redwood trees can _______________________________________. Although the cell wall is stiff, many materials, including __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Cell Membrane As you pass through the cell wall, the next structure you encounter is the ____________ _______________________________________. All cells have cell membranes. In cells with cell walls, the cell membrane is ________________________________________________________________________ In other cells, the cell membrane forms the _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ One of the cell membrane’s main functions is ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Everything the cell needs, _____________________________________________, enters the cell through the cell membrane. _____________________________________________________________________ leave the cell through the cell membrane. You can think of a cell membrane like _______________________________________. The screen keeps insects out of a room but allows air to enter and leave. Nucleus The large oval structure inside the cell is called ________________________________ and it acts as the ________________________________________________________. You can think of the nucleus as the cell’s _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The nucleus is surrounded by a __________________________________________. Just as the cell membrane protects the cell, ____________________________________. Materials pass in and out of the nucleus through _________________________________ in the nuclear membrane. Plant Cell Label the plant cell. Animal Cell Label the animal cell. Chromatin The nucleus knows how to direct the cell through the _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ These strands are called___________________________________________. They contain the ______________________________________________________________. For example, the instructions in the chromatin ensure that _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ The genetic material is passed on to each new cell ______________________________. Organelle in the Cytoplasm Just outside the nucleus is the ______________________________________________, the region between the ___________________________________________________. The fluid in the cytoplasm is _________________________________________. Many ________________________________________________ are found in the cytoplasm. The organelles function to __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Mitochondria Mitochondria are ___________________________________________________________. Mitochondria are called the “__________________________________” of the cell because they produce most of the ____________________________________________. _________________________________________________ and other very active cells have large numbers of mitochondria. Farther into the cytoplasm is a maze of passageways called the ____________________ ________________________________________________. These passageways ________________________________________ and other materials from one part of the cell to another. Ribosomes – Attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum are small grainlike bodies called ____________________________________________. Other ribosomes are found _________________________________________________. The ribosomes ___________________________________________________________. From the interior of the endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins will be transported to the ________________________________________________________. Golgi Apparatus _____________________________________________________________ look like a flattened collection of sacs and tubes. They can be thought of as a ______________________________________________. The Golgi bodies _______________________________________________ and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum_________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The Golgi bodies also _______________________ materials outside the cell. Chloroplasts The green structures floating in the cytoplasm are called __________________________. Only the cells of plants and some other organisms have these ______________________________________-. Chloroplasts _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Vacuoles The large, round, water-filled sac floating in the cytoplasm is called a __________________________________________ The vacuole is the ________________________________________________________. Most cells have _______________________________________________________. Vacuoles _______________________________________________________________. They can also store waste products. __________________________________________ are stored in the vacuoles. When the vacuoles are __________________________________________________, they make the cell plump and firm. _____________________________________________________ in the vacuoles, the plant wilts. Lysosomes Lysosomes are ______________________________________________ that contain ______________________________________________ that break down large food particles into smaller ones. Lysosomes also ________________________________________________ and release the substances so they can be used again. You can think of lysosomes as the ___________________________________________. Bacterial Cells The plant and animal cells that you just learned about are very different from the _______________________________________________ Bacterial cells are _______________________ than plant and animal cells. While a bacterial cell does have a cell wall and a cell membrane, ___________________________________________________________________ Specialized Cells In many celled organisms, the cells are _______________________________________. Think of the differences in your body. You have ________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Each of these body parts carries out a _______________________________________. The structure of each kind of cell is suited to the ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________