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Download Cells Unit Guided Notes - Liberty Union High School District
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Transcript
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION NOTES A. Cell Theory 1. All living things_________________________________________________________ 2. Cells are the __________________________________________________________. 3. Cells are produced ______________________________________________________ B. All Living things have cells a. Unicellular ______________________________ b. Multicellular _____________________________ C. Types of Cells a. Prokaryote: _____________________________ i. Always ___________________________ ii. Lacks ____________________________ iii. Few ______________________________ iv. Bacteria are the only group of organisms that are prokaryote. b. Eukaryote: ______________________________ i. Are unicellular or Multicellular. ii. Has many _________________________ iii. Has specialized _____________________ Ex. __________________________________________________________ iv. All other living things. Ex. __________________________________________________________ D. Cell Organelles a. “Little” organs with specific jobs in the cell. b. In the following table is a sample analogy for the cell: The Cell is Like a Cell Phone Factory E. The Differences (at the end of ppt) a. Animal Shape _______________________ Organelles: a. ___________________ b. ___________________ b. Plant Shape ________________________ Organelles: a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ Organelle (Plant/Animal/Both) Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Chromatin Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth/ Rough Organelle Function Organelle Facts Sample Analogy Organelle Image Organelle (Plant/Animal/Both) Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Centriole Chloroplasts Cell wall Central Vacuole or Vacuoles Organelle Function Organelle Facts Sample Analogy Organelle Image CELL ENERGY NOTES: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION • • All nutrients must be broken down to __________________ Breakdown of nutrients to glucose occurs by ___________________. Make glucose through Photosynthesis Get glucose from food Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration and ATP Production Photosynthesis: WHERE: ___________________ WHO: _________________ WHY: ______________________________ WHEN: _____________________________ Two Reactions happen in photosynthesis: Light Dependent Rx: 1. Light is absorbed by ___________________________ 2. Light splits water into ________________________ 3. Energy from this split is used to make______________ Dark Reactions- Calvin Cycle Steps 1. Energy from ATP used to make _______________ from ____________________ 2. Oxygen is ______________ Photosynthesis Equation: ____________ + __________ + ___________→ ___________ + _____________ Cellular Respiration: WHERE: ______________________ WHO: ______________________ WHY: ________________________ The Equation: ______________+ ____________→ _____________ + ___________ + __________ carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers” Two Types of Cellular Respiration: Aerobic • • • Anaerobic “Fermentation” • • • – (ok for small things) • It’s a 3 STEP PROCESS Why:_____________________________________________________________________________! •Glycolysis: Happens in the ________________________to break down ____________________ –All living things do _________________________________ •Krebs Cycle: In the_________________________________, makes ____________________(not efficient) •Electron Transport: In the mitochondria, makes ____________________ of ATP ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate The Big Picture: •All nutrients must be broken down to _______________________ •_________________ must be converted to ________________ ANALOGY: • • The main __________________molecule used by organisms Energy is Stored in the _____________________ – _________________ a bond _______________energy • ATP→ADP – _________________a bond ____________ energy • ADP→ ATP Cellular Energy in the form of ATP gets used to drive cell processes EX: Cell Division Cell Transport CELL TRANSPORT NOTES Several items make Cell Transport possible 1. The _______________________ _____________________________ 2. A _________________________ _____________________________ 3. Selective Permeability 4. Membrane Bound __________________________ Selective Permeability: A property of biological membranes that allows ______________ substances to cross the ___________________ more easily than others. Concentration Gradient: The ________________________ in the amount of solution on each side of a _______________________________________. The Phospholipid Head: Tail: i. Hydro: Water ii. Philia: Love iii. Phobia: Hates Heads ____________, Tails _____________...the membrane forms a ______________ Types of Cellular Transport Passive Transport Active Transport –Diffusion • Needs Carrier Proteins –Facilitated Diffusion •Requires ATP •Need Channel Proteins •Endocytosis •No ATP •Exocytosis I. Passive Transport a. Diffusion: The tendency of a substance to move from an area of ________________ to an area of ___________________ across a _____________________ in which the cell expends _______ ______________. b. Facilitated Diffusion: The process of transporting ___________________ by ______________ _______________ during ______________________ requires ________ ______________ output. Needs: Needs: II. Active Transport Transport of molecules _____________________ a ______________________ __________________ (from ______________ to ___________________) using ____________________ __________________ in the cell membrane and _________________ from ____________. a. Exocytosis: The release of materials _______________________________Ex___________. b. Endocytosis: The taking of materials ______________________________Ex___________. How does that look in a cell? A. B. C. Cell Size and Diffusion Cells must remain ____________ to ____________________ diffusion. The _______________ a cells volume becomes the ___________ efficient it becomes. a. Prokaryotes – b. Animal Cells (Eukaryotic) – Surface Area of cells must be _____________________________ larger than its size (________________). Solutions and Cells o Solvent: o Solute: o Solution: Simple Rule: Salt Sucks! When salt is _______________ or _________________ the cell, it ___________ water in its direction. All solutions want to be ________________ on ____________ sides of the ______________, for __________________________. Substances ________________________ in solution have special vocabulary to describe them. Hypertonic: o The conc. of solute ____________________ the cell is _______________ than the conc. _________________. o The solution ______________________ is ___________________________. o _____________________________________________ of the cell until _________________________ is reached. The cell will ________________________ and ____________ mass. Hypotonic: o The conc. of solute ____________________ the cell is _______________ than the conc. _________________. o The solution ______________________ is ___________________________. o _____________________________________________ in the cell until _________________________ is reached. The cell will ________________________ and ____________ mass Isotonic: The conc. of solute __________________ and __________________ are ____________________. The solution ____________________________________________________. Water diffuses ____________ and _______________ at ___________ rates. __________ net change in ____________ or __________________. Hypertonic Hypotonic H2O CHO CHO CHO H2O H2O H2O H2O CHO H2O H2O CHO H2O H2O CHO CHO H2O CHO CHO CHO H O 2 H2O H2O CHO H2O H2O H2O CHO CHO Isotonic H2O H2O H2O H2O CHO H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O •Water moves out •Water moves in •Water moves in and out •Cell Shrinks •Cell Swells •Cell Size remains same Why doesn’t the Glucose (CHO) move into the cell?